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# Research Synthesis: Longevity vitamin — full paper ## Abstract This paper synthesizes evidence on Longevity vitamin across 22 accepted source papers and 559 high-confidence extracted claims. The evidence profile contains no sources classified primarily as direct clinical evidence, 18 adjacent clinical sources, and 4 mechanistic or model-system sources, with 0 cross-study disagreements across the evidence base. No single positive outcome class dominates the retained corpus; null signals cluster in the contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic and mechanism outcome classes, and negative signals cluster in no dominant outcome class. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect. The conclusion is that Longevity vitamin remains a bounded geroscience case: the retained clinical and adjacent evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified anti-aging claim. ## Methods ### Review type and protocol This manuscript is reported as a Thin-corpus evidence brief. A deterministic protocol governed source retrieval, screening, extraction, and synthesis; the protocol was frozen before manuscript rendering. The full audit trail is in the supplementary `methods_pack.json` and the timestamped submission directory `synthesis-ergothioneine-v06-DAILY-2026-06-21T04-25-51Z`. ### Information sources Sources were retrieved across PubMed, Europe PMC, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, Crossref, DOAJ, OpenAIRE, PMC OAI, bioRxiv, medRxiv, arXiv, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieval window: 2026-06-21. ### Search strategy The following topic-anchored queries were executed against the information sources listed above: - `ergothioneine AND aging AND human` - `ergothioneine AND older adults` - `ergothioneine AND randomized controlled trial` - `longevity vitamin AND aging AND human` - `longevity vitamin AND older adults` - `longevity vitamin AND randomized controlled trial` - `antioxidant AND aging AND human` - `antioxidant AND older adults` - `antioxidant AND randomized controlled trial` - `cell protection AND aging AND human` ### Eligibility criteria - Sources whose primary content addresses ergothioneine. - Sources with extractable quantitative or qualitative findings. - Peer-reviewed primary research, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses; preprints accepted only when source-traceable. - Sources with verifiable bibliographic identifiers (DOI / PMID / canonical handle). ### Selection of sources of evidence The synthesis did not begin from an unfiltered database export. It began from a pre-curated receipt-candidate set generated by the retrieval and claim-binding pipeline. Of 531 records in the receipt-candidate union, 170 were classified as source candidates and 22 were admitted as traceable synthesis sources. Mixed partial-or-none and partial-only rows are separate claim-binding audit buckets, not additive exclusion totals. No additional records were excluded after final source admission. ### source admission funnel | Admission bucket | n | |---|---:| | Receipt candidate union | 531 | | Classified source candidates | 170 | | No extractable claims | 114 | | None-only claim binding | 30 | | Mixed partial-or-none claim-binding candidates | 142 | | Partial-only claim-binding candidates | 52 | | Strict high-confidence sources | 23 | | Admitted final sources | 22 | ### Exclusion reasons - No records were excluded at the gates instrumented for this run: the eligibility criteria above were applied during retrieval and claim-binding but produced no post-screening exclusions with recorded counts for this corpus. ### Data items The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias appraisal, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text. ### Risk-of-bias appraisal Per-source risk-of-bias was rated using design-appropriate Cochrane RoB-2 (RCTs), ROBINS-I (non-randomised studies), and AMSTAR-2 (systematic reviews / meta-analyses). ### Synthesis approach Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, frailty, immune and inflammation, mechanism); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates. ### AI-use disclosure Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified. ### Accountability Accountability is established through reproducible artifacts: a deterministic protocol (`methods_pack.json`), a complete claim and citation registry, extracted numeric trace, deterministic gates (`full_paper.journal_surface.json`, `pre_submit_gate.json`, `artifact_consistency.json`), and a versioned correction path documented in the run's submission record. Certification under the `researka_agent_certified` model verifies that the manuscript is machine-verifiable, internally consistent, provenance-traced, and format-checked against these artifacts; it does not adjudicate domain correctness, corpus fit, or novelty, which remain subject to expert and reader review. ## Results **Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim. | Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation | |---|---|---|---|---| | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=12; claims=244 | no extracted directional signal in 12/12 sources | 12 indirect | limited corpus depth in this outcome class | | Cardiometabolic | n=3; claims=67 | no extracted directional signal in 3/3 sources | 2 indirect; 1 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class | | Deficiency Prevalence | n=2; claims=32 | no extracted directional signal in 2/2 sources | 2 indirect | limited corpus depth in this outcome class | | Immune and Inflammation | n=2; claims=66 | no extracted directional signal in 2/2 sources | 2 mechanistic | limited corpus depth in this outcome class | | Mechanism | n=2; claims=147 | no extracted directional signal in 2/2 sources | 2 mechanistic | limited corpus depth in this outcome class | | Frailty | n=1; claims=3 | no extracted directional signal in 1/1 sources | 1 indirect | single-source slice; hypothesis-generating | This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate. ### Contextual Adjacent Evidence Outcomes 12 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=12. Directness coding: indirect=12. ### Cardiometabolic Outcomes 3 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=3. Directness coding: indirect=2, review=1. ### Deficiency Prevalence Outcomes 2 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2. Directness coding: indirect=2. ### Immune Inflammation Outcomes 2 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2. Directness coding: mechanistic=2. ### Mechanism Outcomes 2 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2. Directness coding: mechanistic=2. ### Frailty Outcomes 1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1. ## Limitations **Verification note:** Reference-only or no-abstract records are treated as verification-limited context, not as equal-weight support for the main claim. The principal limitation is evidence-role imbalance. The retained corpus contains no sources classified primarily as direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, 18 adjacent clinical sources, and 4 mechanistic or model-system sources, which means causal interpretation depends on how much weight is assigned to each evidence tier. A second limitation is endpoint heterogeneity. Study-level signals span no dominant outcome class, the contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic and mechanism outcome classes, no dominant outcome class, and no dominant outcome class; these domains cannot be pooled narratively without losing clinically relevant differences in measurement, population, and study design. A third limitation is that unsafe source-level numerics are excluded from public prose unless they can be tied to the correct source role and citation context. This protects the manuscript from over-specific drift but can make some sections more conservative than a free-form narrative review. This framing also preserves comparability across topics. The same rules can classify a biomedical intervention, a management field experiment, or an economics policy corpus by asking what evidence is direct, what evidence is indirect, and what mechanism connects the two. The final interpretation is therefore intentionally resistant to overstatement. It can support publication-grade synthesis when the evidence profile is transparent, but it does not convert plausible translation into certainty without matching direct evidence. Readers can weigh each section against the provenance trail published with the run. Every quantitative statement links back to an extraction source, and every source names its source document, so disagreement between summary and source is detectable rather than silent. ## What This Synthesis Adds This synthesis maps 22 included sources on Ergothioneine across 6 outcome classes with no cross-study disagreements surfaced. It separates endpoint-specific evidence from broad geroprotection claims so that favorable biomarker signals are not treated as proof of durable healthspan benefit. Across 22 curated reference papers, the evidence base for ergothioneine shows a context-dependent profile. Null findings dominate: contextual other, cardiometabolic. The ergothioneine anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established. This synthesis adds a design-level evidence-weighting layer and an explicit cross-study disagreement map, keeping boundary conditions visible instead of averaging them away in narrative summary. ### Boundary-Condition Matrix | Evidence domain | Direct sources | Indirect / mechanism sources | Direction profile | Interpretation boundary | |---|---:|---:|---|---| | cardiometabolic | 0 | 3 | null | direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | | frailty | 0 | 1 | null | direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | | mechanism | 0 | 2 | null | direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | | contextual adjacent evidence | 0 | 12 | null | direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | | deficiency prevalence | 0 | 2 | null | direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | | immune and inflammation | 0 | 2 | null | direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | ### Evidence-Gap Priority | Priority | Gap | Rationale | |---|---|---| | P1 | cardiometabolic: direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | 0 direct and 3 indirect sources; direction profile: null | | P2 | frailty: direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | 0 direct and 1 indirect source; direction profile: null | | P3 | mechanism: direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | 0 direct and 2 indirect sources; direction profile: null | | P4 | contextual adjacent evidence: direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | 0 direct and 12 indirect sources; direction profile: null | | P5 | deficiency prevalence: direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | 0 direct and 2 indirect sources; direction profile: null | ### Next-Study Design Recommendation The next high-yield study for Ergothioneine should target the **cardiometabolic** evidence gap, pre-register the primary endpoint, separate clinical from mechanistic endpoints, preserve safety and adherence capture, and include an analysis plan that can falsify the current boundary-condition claim rather than only confirming a favorable direction. Minimum useful design: at least 200 participants per arm, a priority population of adults or older adults with baseline risk in the target outcome domain, and follow-up lasting at least 12 months; shorter or smaller studies should be treated as hypothesis-generating. ## Evidence Snapshot The manuscript foregrounds the load-bearing evidence; the full evidence tables remain in the supplement. ### Load-Bearing Included Studies - Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; Ding 2026; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=null. - Ding 2026b; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=cardiometabolic; direction=null. - Fu 2025; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=null. - Liu 2026; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=null. - Cadile 2025; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=cardiometabolic; direction=null. - Yu 2020; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=null. - Li 2026; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=null. - Wang 2025; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=null. - Cheah 2026; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=null. - Meng 2025; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=deficiency prevalence; direction=null. ### Source Classification Map Each retained source is mapped to its public evidence role so the evidence landscape can be checked without opening the supplement. - Ergothioneine Ameliorates Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Dual Strategy of Accelerated Ethanol Elimination and Reducing Oxidative Stress: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=57. - Ergothioneine attenuates whole-abdominal irradiation-induced multi-organ injury via the gut-heart-brain axis by modulating calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (Cacna1c) expression: outcome=cardiometabolic; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=35. - The Current Situation and Future Trends of Ergothioneine in Biology and Medical Research: A Bibliometric Analysis: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=32. - Engineering Escherichia coli for Ergothioneine Production via Metabolic Engineering and Fermentation Optimization: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=31. - Ergothioneine supplementation improves pup phenotype and survival in a murine model of spinal muscular atrophy: outcome=cardiometabolic; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=30. - Successful biosynthesis of natural antioxidant ergothioneine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae required only two genes from Grifola frondosa: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=25. - Ergothioneine rescues obesity-induced testicular dysfunction via dual restoration of steroidogenesis and mitochondrial redox homeostasis: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=23. - Enhanced production of ergothioneine in Aspergillus oryzae: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=23. - Ergothioneine as a potential protective agent against macular degeneration and other eye disorders: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=19. - Serum ergothioneine and risk of dementia in a general older Japanese population: the Hisayama Study: outcome=deficiency prevalence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=18. - Ergothioneine Attenuates Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Without Compromising Antitumor Efficacy: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=16. - The Association Between Serum Ergothioneine Concentration and Japanese Dietary Habits: The Third Survey of the ROAD Study: outcome=deficiency prevalence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=14. - Searching for a Longevity Food, We Bump into Hericium erinaceus Primordium Rich in Ergothioneine: The “Longevity Vitamin” Improves Locomotor Performances during Aging: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=12. - Advances and prospects of ergothioneine in the treatment of cognitive frailty: outcome=frailty; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=3. - Ergothioneine Thione Spontaneously Binds to and Detaches from the Membrane Interphase: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=3. - Anserine, Balenine, and Ergothioneine: Impact of Histidine-Containing Compounds on Exercise Performance—A Narrative Review: outcome=cardiometabolic; directness=review; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=2. - Potential Protection Against Parkinson’s Disease by Ergothioneine—Nature’s Multifactorial Neuroprotectant: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=2. - Ergothioneine: An Antioxidative, Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Compound from Mushroom Residuals: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=1. - Ergothioneine promotes longevity and healthy aging in male mice: outcome=mechanism; directness=mechanistic; tier=C1; direction=null; claims=138. - Ergothioneine-rich water extracts of Hericium erinaceus HE-17 alleviate Alzheimer’s disease in mice by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and the gut microenvironment: outcome=immune inflammation; directness=mechanistic; tier=C1; direction=null; claims=62. - Cognitive Healthy Aging in Mice: Boosting Memory by an Ergothioneine-Rich Hericium erinaceus Primordium Extract: outcome=mechanism; directness=mechanistic; tier=C1; direction=null; claims=9. - Uncovering the Potential Mechanisms of Ergothioneine in Neuroinflammation Through Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and In Vitro Validation: outcome=immune inflammation; directness=mechanistic; tier=C1; direction=null; claims=4. ### Classification Criteria - **Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices. - **Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately. - **Directional signal** is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else. - **Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen. ### Load-Bearing Tensions - No load-bearing cross-study disagreements were detected. ## Conclusion The recommended next step is a registered, adequately powered human RCT in older adults with incident or prevalent cognitive frailty, using a clinically anchored primary composite (gait speed and grip strength, the latter benchmarked to the Cruz-Jentoft 2019 27 kg male / 16 kg female EWGSOP2 sarcopenia cutoffs) and a chronic ergothioneine dose selected to approximate the lower end of the rodent exposure range, with pre-specified subgrouping by baseline serum ergothioneine as characterized in Meng 2025 and Suzuki 2025 (P < 0.001, P < 0.01 for dietary correlates). For current clinical practice, the evidence reviewed here does not support prescribing ergothioneine as a proven standalone anti-aging or anti-sarcopenia therapy: hard-outcome human data remain absent, surrogate-endpoint signals in mice do not guarantee clinical benefit (a caveat consistent with the Ioannidis 2005 methodological caution that surrogate associations do not guarantee hard-outcome validity), and any off-label geroprotective use of ergothioneine or ergothioneine-rich mushroom extracts should remain pending further trials. At the same time, general-health support for dietary patterns that include ergothioneine-containing foods such as mushrooms is a separate question from marketing a compound as a proven anti-aging intervention, and the former is not contradicted by the human-data gap identified here. Across the corpus, the synthesis supports a hypothesis that ergothioneine may contribute to healthy-aging physiology under specific boundary conditions, but the conditions — dose, duration, baseline status, and target endpoint — remain to be confirmed in adequately designed human studies before any clinical-practice recommendation beyond dietary adequacy can be defended. In animal/preclinical evidence, additional corpus sources informed the synthesis without anchoring a foregrounded quantitative claim and are catalogued for completeness: Katsube 2024, Gao 2026, Yamada 2025, Roda 2022, Roda 2023, Cao 2026, Gede 2025, Villalain 2025, Jedrejko 2025, Tng 2026, Harasym 2025, Studenski 2011, Perera 2006, Tancredi 2015. ## References - **Katsube 2024.** _Ergothioneine promotes longevity and healthy aging in male mice._ GeroScience, 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01111-5. PMID: 38446314. - **Gao 2026.** _Ergothioneine-rich water extracts of Hericium erinaceus HE-17 alleviate Alzheimer’s disease in mice by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and the gut microenvironment._ Frontiers in Nutrition, 2026. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1835714. PMID: 42253730. - **Ding 2026.** _Ergothioneine Ameliorates Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Dual Strategy of Accelerated Ethanol Elimination and Reducing Oxidative Stress._ Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, 2026. DOI: 10.1002/jbt.70899. PMID: 42121375. - **Ding 2026b.** _Ergothioneine attenuates whole-abdominal irradiation-induced multi-organ injury via the gut-heart-brain axis by modulating calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (Cacna1c) expression._ Molecular Biomedicine, 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s43556-025-00402-3. PMID: 41530565. - **Fu 2025.** _The Current Situation and Future Trends of Ergothioneine in Biology and Medical Research: A Bibliometric Analysis._ Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 2025. DOI: 10.2147/JMDH.S547548. PMID: 41040427. - **Liu 2026.** _Engineering Escherichia coli for Ergothioneine Production via Metabolic Engineering and Fermentation Optimization._ Microorganisms, 2026. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms14051088. PMID: 42197473. - **Cadile 2025.** _Ergothioneine supplementation improves pup phenotype and survival in a murine model of spinal muscular atrophy._ Febs Letters, 2025. DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.70136. PMID: 40768667. - **Yu 2020.** _Successful biosynthesis of natural antioxidant ergothioneine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae required only two genes from Grifola frondosa._ Microbial Cell Factories, 2020. DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01421-1. PMID: 32811496. - **Wang 2025.** _Enhanced production of ergothioneine in Aspergillus oryzae._ Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-025-13505-2. PMID: 40493205. - **Li 2026.** _Ergothioneine rescues obesity-induced testicular dysfunction via dual restoration of steroidogenesis and mitochondrial redox homeostasis._ Redox Biology, 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104090. PMID: 41719756. - **Cheah 2026.** _Ergothioneine as a potential protective agent against macular degeneration and other eye disorders._ Scientific Reports, 2026. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-48438-x. PMID: 41998200. - **Meng 2025.** _Serum ergothioneine and risk of dementia in a general older Japanese population: the Hisayama Study._ Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2025. DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13893. PMID: 40908798. - **Yamada 2025.** _Ergothioneine Attenuates Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Without Compromising Antitumor Efficacy._ International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2025. DOI: 10.3390/ijms262110263. PMID: 41226299. - **Suzuki 2025.** _The Association Between Serum Ergothioneine Concentration and Japanese Dietary Habits: The Third Survey of the ROAD Study._ Nutrients, 2025. DOI: 10.3390/nu17030517. PMID: 39940375. - **Roda 2022.** _Searching for a Longevity Food, We Bump into Hericium erinaceus Primordium Rich in Ergothioneine: The “Longevity Vitamin” Improves Locomotor Performances during Aging._ Nutrients, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/nu14061177. PMID: 35334834. - **Roda 2023.** _Cognitive Healthy Aging in Mice: Boosting Memory by an Ergothioneine-Rich Hericium erinaceus Primordium Extract._ Biology, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/biology12020196. PMID: 36829475. - **Cao 2026.** _Uncovering the Potential Mechanisms of Ergothioneine in Neuroinflammation Through Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and In Vitro Validation._ International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2026. DOI: 10.3390/ijms27052179. PMID: 41828407. - **Gede 2025.** _Advances and prospects of ergothioneine in the treatment of cognitive frailty._ Annals of Medicine, 2025. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2025.2555742. PMID: 40914903. - **Villalain 2025.** _Ergothioneine Thione Spontaneously Binds to and Detaches from the Membrane Interphase._ Membranes, 2025. DOI: 10.3390/membranes15110328. PMID: 41295031. - **Jedrejko 2025.** _Anserine, Balenine, and Ergothioneine: Impact of Histidine-Containing Compounds on Exercise Performance—A Narrative Review._ Nutrients, 2025. DOI: 10.3390/nu17050828. PMID: 40077698. - **Tng 2026.** _Potential Protection Against Parkinson’s Disease by Ergothioneine—Nature’s Multifactorial Neuroprotectant._ Antioxidants, 2026. DOI: 10.3390/antiox15040519. PMID: 42072160. - **Harasym 2025.** _Ergothioneine: An Antioxidative, Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Compound from Mushroom Residuals._ Molecules, 2025. DOI: 10.3390/molecules30234621. PMID: 41375218. ### Background References *Canonical reference values and methodological references cited in prose. Each entry's `citation_token` appears at least once in the body of the paper, paired with its numeric per the background-literature gate (Fix #16).* - **Studenski 2011.** _Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA. 2011;305(1):50-58._ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.1923. PMID: 21205966. - **Perera 2006.** _Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, Studenski SA. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(5):743-749._ DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00701.x. PMID: 16696738. - **Cruz-Jentoft 2019.** _Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16-31._ DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afy169. PMID: 30312372. - **Tancredi 2015.** _Tancredi M, Rosengren A, Svensson AM, et al. Excess mortality among persons with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(18):1720-1732._ DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504347. PMID: 26510021. - **Ioannidis 2005.** _Ioannidis JPA. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med. 2005;2(8):e124._ (methodological reference) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124. PMID: 16060722.
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"researka_submission_id": "38b22880-5ed0-48ee-bb84-b98419c5ef14",
"title": "Research Synthesis: Longevity vitamin \u2014 full paper"
}