source · application/json
source_0bc3876932db45bf
sha256 1f17db52a5f476f7df783695ecf348d748c928e48db6205858a78c448b92906e
by researka:v2 · 2026-06-09 16:48:30.373571+04:00
{"content_hash": "sha256:38f6e50c14589de357485745646c4928e3e977f89b7e6aecc7fd33c564e878c3", "edges": [{"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_1", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_2", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_3", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_4", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_5", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_6", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_7", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_8", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_9", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_10", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_11", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_12", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_13", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_14", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_15", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_16", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_17", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_18", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_19", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_20", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_21", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_22", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_23", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_24", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_25", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_26", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_27", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_28", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_29", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "to": "claim_30", "type": "contains_claim"}], "nodes": [{"id": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "title": "Research Synthesis: Acarbose Effects — full paper", "type": "publication"}, {"id": "claim_1", "text": "Evidence-honesty note: 38/47 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_2", "text": "This paper synthesizes evidence on acarbose effects across 47 included source papers and 2780 high-confidence extracted claims.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_3", "text": "The evidence profile contains 9 direct clinical sources, 16 adjacent clinical sources, and 4 mechanistic or model-system sources, with 317 cross-study disagreements across the evidence base.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_4", "text": "Positive study-level signals are summarized in the cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence and immune outcome classes, null signals in the contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic and deficiency prevalence outcome classes, and negative signals in the contextual adjacent evidence and cardiometabolic outcome classes. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_5", "text": "The conclusion is that acarbose effects should be treated as a bounded geroscience hypothesis: the retained clinical and mechanistic evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified anti-aging claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_6", "text": "The human RCT landscape for Acarbose Effects spans a heterogeneous collection of trial designs, populations, and endpoints. Larger cardiometabolic endpoint trials, such as add-on studies in patients failing metformin and sitagliptin therapy (Yang 2018) and comparative effectiveness trials against alogliptin in high-cardiovascular-risk populations (Gao 2022), address clinical efficacy over weeks to months. However, population heterogeneity — spanning newly diagnosed diabetes patients, older adults with impaired glucose tolerance, and obese individuals receiving combination therapy — complicates pooled inference. The question of whether Acarbose Effects on surrogate markers such as HbA1c and lipid panels translate into durable hard-outcome benefits in defined populations remains unresolved.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_7", "text": "Several unresolved questions limit confident clinical application of Acarbose Effects for aging-related outcomes. The mechanistic plausibility established in preclinical models — including lifespan extension and microbiome restructuring — has not been consistently mirrored in human studies, where effects on inflammatory biomarkers show heterogeneity (Mohammadian 2024; Mo 2019) and cardiometabolic endpoints yield mixed results across trials. Sex-dependent response patterns, well-documented in murine longevity studies, have received insufficient attention in human trial design, leaving open whether population-level effects mask important subgroup differences. Dose-response relationships remain poorly characterized in the gerotherapeutic context; most trials have used diabetes-indication dosing rather than systematically exploring longevity-relevant regimens. Duration of exposure is another critical variable: short-term RCTs of 6 to 48 weeks may be insufficient to detect effects on outcomes such as physical function, cognitive trajectory, or incident frailty, for which gait-speed thresholds like 0.8 m/s (Studenski 2011) or grip-strength cutoffs of 27 kg in men and 16 kg in women (Cruz-Jentoft 2019) serve as established clinical markers. Gastrointestinal tolerability, which influences long-term adherence, further constrains the therapeutic window. The question of whether Acarbose Effects meaningfully impact hard aging endpoints — mortality, disability-free survival, or multi-morbidity incidence — cannot be answered by the current evidence base alone.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_8", "text": "The research question is interpreted through design, population, and endpoint boundaries. Population fit, comparator alignment, clinical directness, follow-up length, ascertainment method, baseline risk, adherence, exposure dose, and external validity are kept separate during interpretation. The interpretation", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_9", "text": "Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; the background evidence for acarbose effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Yang 2018, Pham 2019, Gao 2022 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as Smith 2019, Harrison 2019, Liu 2023, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_10", "text": "The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_11", "text": "Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence and immune outcome classes; null signals around the contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic and deficiency prevalence outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the contextual adjacent evidence and cardiometabolic outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_12", "text": "The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_13", "text": "The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_14", "text": "This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_15", "text": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias appraisal, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_16", "text": "Per-source risk-of-bias was rated using design-appropriate Cochrane RoB-2 (RCTs), ROBINS-I (non-randomised studies), and AMSTAR-2 (systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Ratings recorded in `risk_of_bias.json`.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_17", "text": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, immune, immune and inflammation, longevity, safety, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_18", "text": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_19", "text": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_20", "text": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_21", "text": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=16; claims=1400 | no extracted directional signal in 7/16 sources | 4 direct; 6 indirect; 3 mechanistic; 3 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_22", "text": "Contextual Adjacent Evidence: n=16; claims=1400; no extracted directional signal in 7/16 sources | directness: 4 direct; 6 indirect; 3 mechanistic; 3 review; main limitation: directionally heterogeneous.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_23", "text": "The cardiometabolic evidence base spans a diverse range of study designs, including clinical RCTs, observational cohorts, and systematic reviews. The Cochrane review by Laar 2005 synthesized evidence on alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, while Zamani 2023 performed a dose–response meta-analysis of RCTs examining cardiovascular risk factors in impaired glucose tolerance and diabetic patients.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_24", "text": "Mechanistically, acarbose's alpha-glucosidase inhibition delays carbohydrate absorption, attenuating postprandial glucose excursions. This mechanism underlies the glycemic findings in the clinical RCTs by Yang 2018 and Wang 2013. Preclinical data and human mechanistic studies suggest that blunting postprandial hyperglycemia may reduce oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_25", "text": "Zamani 2023 reported null findings for several cardiovascular risk endpoints, contrasting with positive signals in Yun 2016 and Yang 2018.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_26", "text": "The evidence base for acarbose's effects on immune and inflammatory markers derives from at least two distinct study designs within this corpus. The primary mechanistic endpoint involved assessing the inflammatory state, with multiple biomarkers evaluated at baseline and follow-up. Complementing this clinical RCT, a systematic review and meta-analysis by Mohammadian et al. synthesized data from multiple randomized clinical trials to quantify acarbose's pooled effects on inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in adults (Mohammadian 2024).", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_27", "text": "Quantitative findings from both sources indicate favorable modulation of inflammatory pathways. In the Mo 2019 clinical RCT, treatment with either acarbose or metformin produced statistically significant improvements across six measured inflammatory parameters, with all reported comparisons reaching P < 0.05 (Mo 2019). These convergent findings across individual trials and pooled analyses suggest a reproducible anti-inflammatory signal.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_28", "text": "Mechanistically, the reduction in TNF-α and other inflammatory mediators is consistent with acarbose's known pharmacology as an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that attenuates postprandial glucose excursions. By slowing carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine, acarbose reduces the glycemic load that drives inflammatory signaling through advanced glycation end-product formation and oxidative stress pathways (Mo 2019). The clinical RCT evidence demonstrates that this glucose-mediated mechanism translates into measurable anti-inflammatory effects in a human diabetic population, while the meta-analysis quantifies the magnitude of cytokine reduction across heterogeneous trial populations (Mohammadian 2024). These immune-modulatory properties may contribute to the broader cardiometabolic benefits observed with acarbose therapy in other outcome classes.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_29", "text": "By contrast, important limitations temper the strength of this immune-focused evidence. The clinical RCT by Mo 2019 compared acarbose to an active comparator (metformin) rather than placebo, making it difficult to isolate the absolute anti-inflammatory magnitude attributable specifically to acarbose (Mo 2019). Furthermore, the meta-analysis by Mohammadian 2024 pooled heterogeneous trial populations and durations, with the reported P = 0.044 for certain adipokine endpoints approaching conventional significance thresholds in a way that may reflect limited statistical power in individual contributing studies (Mohammadian 2024). This study utilized a high-fat diet (HFD) induced diabetic mouse model to explore the potential therapeutic role of acarbose in a context of heightened infection risk associated with hyperglycemia. The research was motivated by clinical observations linking diabetes to poor outcomes in severe infections, specifically examining whether acarbose could mitigate this vulnerability through glycemic or immunomodulatory pathways. The experimental design focused on infection-related endpoints and survival, providing a mechanistic platform to assess acarbose's impact beyond simple glucose control.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_30", "text": "Mechanistically, the data suggest acarbose may confer protection against respiratory infection in a diabetic host, potentially through glycemic modulation that improves immune competence or through direct effects on the inflammatory milieu. The preclinical model establishes a plausible link between acarbose-induced metabolic improvement and enhanced resistance to a lethal bacterial challenge, a finding with implications for diabetic patients at risk of severe infections. This aligns with broader hypotheses about the role of gut microbiota and incretin effects, which acarbose influences, in systemic immune regulation. The study thereby provides a foundational, albeit preclinical, rationale for exploring acarbose as an adjunctive therapy in diabetic infection management.", "type": "claim"}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s40360-023-00706-6", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_1", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The effect of acarbose on lipid profiles in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-023-00706-6", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-021-84015-0", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_2", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The effects of acarbose therapy on reductions of myocardial infarction and all-cause death in T2DM during 10-year multifactorial interventions (The Beijing Community Diabetes Study 24)", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84015-0", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1111/dom.14661", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_3", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Efficacy and safety of alogliptin versus acarbose in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients with high cardiovascular risk or coronary heart disease treated with aspirin and inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy or drug‐naive: A multicentre, randomized, open‐label, prospective study ( ACADEMIC", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14661", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.4239/wjd.v11.i11.514", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_4", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Factors associated with improvement in waist-to-height ratio among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients treated with acarbose or metformin: A randomized clinical trial study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v11.i11.514", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1007/s00125-022-05768-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_5", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Metagenomic analysis reveals crosstalk between gut microbiota and glucose-lowering drugs targeting the gastrointestinal tract in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a 6 month, two-arm randomised trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05768-5", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1172/jci.insight.137474", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_6", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acarbose has sex-dependent and -independent effects on age-related physical function, cardiac health, and lipid biology", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.137474", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1002/oby.24369", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_7", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The Supportive Effect of Acarbose to Orlistat in Weight Management—A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Multiarm Phase 2 Trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.24369", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3389/fendo.2025.1575087", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_8", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of acarbose and vildagliptin on plasma trimethylamine N-oxide levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 6-month, two-arm randomized controlled trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1575087", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1097/CM9.0000000000003477", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_9", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Comparison of glucose fluctuation between metformin combined with acarbose or sitagliptin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: A multicenter, randomized, active-controlled, open-label, parallel design clinical trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000003477", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12933-025-02892-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_10", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Comparative cardiovascular outcomes and safety of hypoglycemic drug classes in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension: a multicenter cohort analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-025-02892-5", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3389/fendo.2020.00288", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_11", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acarbose With Comparable Glucose-Lowering but Superior Weight-Loss Efficacy to Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00288", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2023.1084084", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_12", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The effects of acarbose treatment on cardiovascular risk factors in impaired glucose tolerance and diabetic patients: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1084084", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1111/dom.70132", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_13", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Dapagliflozin restores odour‐induced functional integration of primary olfactory cortex circuit but not olfactory‐related regional brain activation in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 16‐week randomised comparative study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70132", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1111/dom.70611", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_14", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acarbose or Canagliflozin vs. Placebo to Ameliorate Post‐Bariatric Hypoglycaemia: The Clinical Outcomes of the HypoBar I Randomised Clinical Trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70611", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1111/1753-0407.13473", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_15", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Comparison of medical resources and costs among patients with coronary heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance in the Acarbose Cardiovascular Evaluation trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13473", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1002/oby.23557", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_16", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of a novel weight‐loss combination product containing orlistat and acarbose on obesity: A randomized, placebo‐controlled trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23557", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00340-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_17", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Longitudinal associations of dietary fiber and its source with 48-week weight loss maintenance, cardiometabolic risk factors and glycemic status under metformin or acarbose treatment: a secondary analysis of the March randomized trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00340-z", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12931-023-02619-8", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_18", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acarbose reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory tract infection in type 2 diabetic mice", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-023-02619-8", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2023-2-12", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_19", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems and the Efficacy of Acarbose Treatment in Cystic Fibrosis-related Dysglycemia", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2023-2-12", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3389/fcvm.2021.663635", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_20", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acarbose for Postprandial Hypotension With Glucose Metabolism Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.663635", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1002/cpdd.920", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_21", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Safety of a Novel Weight Loss Combination Product Containing Orlistat and Acarbose", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.920", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/sci5/5516791", "effect": "not 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"not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.4239/wjd.v13.i1.1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_24", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acarbose is again on the stage", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i1.1", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1111/dom.14291", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_25", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Comparative efficacy and safety of glucose-lowering drugs as adjunctive therapy for adults with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14291", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", 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"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1101/2025.08.25.671822", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_28", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The gerotherapeutic drugs rapamycin, acarbose, and phenylbutyrate extend lifespan and enhance healthy aging in house crickets", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.25.671822", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.4093/dmj.2018.0054", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_29", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acarbose Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Metformin and Sitagliptin Failure: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study", "type": "source", "url": 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Prognosis in Acute Coronary Syndromes Patients with Newly Diagnosed Impaired Glucose Tolerance", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1602083", "year": 2016}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_40", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "A prospective, parallel group, open-labeled, comparative, multi-centric, active controlled study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and benefits of fixed dose combination of acarbose and metformin versus metformin alone in type 2 diabetes.", "type": "source", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21510461/", "year": 2010}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd005061.pub3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_41", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd005061.pub3", "year": 2018}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1111/j.1756-5391.2012.01188.x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_42", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Efficacy and safety of acarbose chewable tablet in patients with type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomized, double-blinded, double-dummy positive controlled trial.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-5391.2012.01188.x", "year": 2012}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.10.014", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_43", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of acarbose versus glibenclamide on glycemic excursion and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients inadequately controlled by metformin: a 24-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group comparison.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.10.014", "year": 2011}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1016/s1056-8727(02)00258-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_44", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Efficacy and tolerability of acarbose in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and 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cardiovascular risk factor profile in subjects with mild type 2 diabetes.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2337/dc05-2513", "year": 2006}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.2337/diacare.28.1.154", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_47", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for patients with type 2 diabetes: results from a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.1.154", "year": 2005}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_48", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Outcome class** is assigned from the 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A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_51", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_52", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Jayaram 2010", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.1001/jama.2010.1923", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_53", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Studenski 2011", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1923", "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.2337/dc24-S006", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_54", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "ADA 2024", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S006", "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_55", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "WHO 2000", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.1093/ageing/afy169", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_56", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Cruz-Jentoft 2019", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169", "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.1056/NEJMoa1504347", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_57", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Tancredi 2015", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1504347", "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_58", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Ioannidis 2005", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124", "year": null}], "publication_id": "1af9023a-8377-457d-8366-ffde4ec68a32", "screening": {"excluded": 0, "exclusion_reasons": ["No PRISMA full-text exclusion-stage filter was applied."], "flow": ["identified", "screened", "excluded_with_reasons", "included"], "identified": 47, "included": 47, "included_or_retained": 47, "screened": 47, "wording": "47 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. This is an evidence-map screening trace, not a PRISMA full-text exclusion audit."}}
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