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source_2025a77ae446403e

# Research Synthesis: Metformin Treatment Effects — full paper

## Abstract

Evidence scope: 18/33 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.

Metformin is the most widely used first-line glucose-lowering agent worldwide, yet its putative benefit…