source · application/json
source_22f42c0bfc3f42e8
sha256 bb3b442bf63feae29a668f1f6eba55059bfe9ee6da0063cbcb79e15385fcccac
by researka:v2 · 2026-05-29 11:31:02.641108+04:00
{"publication_id": "2bfbccd9-9cf4-4d24-8611-5246bfea4d12", "traces": [{"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "What does the current evidence establish about Circadian Light Timing and human geroscience? This synthesis tests the thesis that evidence for Circadian light timing is context-dependent, separating outcome-specific signals from broader claims and identifying the evidence gaps that should bound interpretation. Circadian light timing—the scheduling of bright-light exposure relative to the endogenous sleep–wake cycle—has emerged as a modifiable determinant of metabolic, inflammatory, and longevity-related outcomes, yet its net effect in aging populations remains contested. To address this question, we conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis with a reproducible audit trail, systematically integrating observational, preclinical, and mechanistic data from 25 curated reference papers on circadian light timing and aging-relevant endpoints. Translational relevance to humans remains uncertain. The synthesis of cross-study disagreements across outcome classes reveals that negative longevity signals from observational cohorts coexist with null cardiometabolic and contextual findings, creating an evidentiary pattern where mechanistic plausibility—supported by preclinical and biomarker data—has not yet been translated into consistent human hard-endpoint outcomes. We conclude that circadian light timing likely exerts a biologically real influence on aging trajectories through immune, amyloid, and telomere-related pathways, but the human evidence is constrained by obse", "claim_id": "claim_1"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "This manuscript is reported as a Evidence brief. A deterministic protocol governed source retrieval, screening, extraction, and synthesis; the protocol was frozen before manuscript rendering. The full audit trail is in the supplementary `methods_pack.json` and the timestamped submission directory `synthesis-circadian_light_timing-v06-DAILY-2026-05-29T05-40-50Z`.", "claim_id": "claim_2"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating.", "claim_id": "claim_3"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "Per-source risk-of-bias was rated using design-appropriate Cochrane RoB-2 (RCTs), ROBINS-I (non-randomised studies), and AMSTAR-2 (systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Ratings recorded in `risk_of_bias.json`.", "claim_id": "claim_4"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, immune and inflammation, longevity, mortality and survival); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "claim_id": "claim_5"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "claim_id": "claim_6"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_7"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=14; claims=345 | null signal in 14/14 sources | 10 indirect; 2 mechanistic; 2 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_8"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "| Cardiometabolic | n=3; claims=180 | null signal in 3/3 sources | 2 indirect; 1 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_9"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "| Immune and Inflammation | n=2; claims=121 | null signal in 2/2 sources | 2 indirect | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_10"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate.", "claim_id": "claim_11"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "14 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=14. Directness coding: indirect=10, mechanistic=2, review=2.", "claim_id": "claim_12"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "5 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: mixed=1, negative=1, null=1, unclear=2. Directness coding: indirect=4, review=1.", "claim_id": "claim_13"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "3 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=3. Directness coding: indirect=2, review=1.", "claim_id": "claim_14"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "2 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2. Directness coding: indirect=2.", "claim_id": "claim_15"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_16"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=14; claims=345 | null signal in 14/14 sources | 10 indirect; 2 mechanistic; 2 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_17"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "| Cardiometabolic | n=3; claims=180 | null signal in 3/3 sources | 2 indirect; 1 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_18"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "| Immune and Inflammation | n=2; claims=121 | null signal in 2/2 sources | 2 indirect | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_19"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate.", "claim_id": "claim_20"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "14 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=14. Directness coding: indirect=10, mechanistic=2, review=2.", "claim_id": "claim_21"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "5 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: mixed=1, negative=1, null=1, unclear=2. Directness coding: indirect=4, review=1.", "claim_id": "claim_22"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "3 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=3. Directness coding: indirect=2, review=1.", "claim_id": "claim_23"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "2 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2. 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Without at least one adequately powered RCT that randomizes participants to a defined light-exposure prescription and follows them to a hard mortality endpoint, the causal arrow from light timing to survival cannot be established within this corpus. Similarly, cardiometabolic outcomes are informed only by indirect observational evidence (Hu 2025; Reytor-Gonzalez 2025) and a chrononutrition review (Nadeem 2024) rather than by a light-specific intervention trial. The absence of a diurnal-light RCT in non-diabetic community-dwelling adults leaves the headline cardiometabolic conclusion grounded entirely in surrogate or associational data, a limitation that aligns with the general caution that surrogate associations do not guarantee hard-outcome validity (Ioannidis 2005). Practitioners should therefore interpret the survival and metabolic findings as hypothesis-generating rather than practice-changing.", "claim_id": "claim_26"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5", "study": "Hu 2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25126-5"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25137458", "study": "Cheng 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137458"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu16213700", "study": "Panagiotou 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213700"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x", "study": "Shim 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01111-x"}, {"doi": "10.1073/pnas.2405924121", "study": "Windred 2024", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405924121"}], "claim": "Several outcome domains within the synthesis are supported by only a single source, precluding internal replication and amplifying the risk that a lone effect estimate reflects study-specific confounding. 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