Derivation Web

source_262b3d6cfae44e0d

by researka:v2 · 2026-07-03 20:31:48.582499+04:00

{"contradictions": ["Positive study-level signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; null signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; negative signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; mixed or heterogeneous signals are summarized in the cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, immune and inflammation, muscle function, mechanism, and safety and comorbidity outcome classes. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "The conclusion is that intermittent fasting if effects remains a bounded evidence case: the retained clinical and mechanistic evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified broad clinical claim.", "The corpus contains 13 direct clinical sources, 44 adjacent, review, or context sources, and 3 mechanistic or model-system sources. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.", "Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.", "The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.", "The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.", "The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.", "Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; substantive evidence synthesis: The manifest includes 60 retained sources, 13 direct-source row(s), and receipt-level directional coding across mixed=7, negative=5, null=13, positive=3, unclear=32. Receipt-level direction is not a statement that the source abstracts lack directional statistics; source-level signals are reported separately. Full source-level signals are: Abdollahpour 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight; finding=representative statistic P < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; claims=397; Kazeminasab 2025: outcome=Muscle Function; direction=mixed; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis; finding=representative statistic p = 0.01; source-level statistic reported; claims=285; Couto-Alfonso 2026: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=mixed; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and; finding=representative statistic p = 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=263; Nofal 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=negative; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=Effect of intermittent Islamic fasting in management of metabolic syndrome: a randomized control trial; finding=representative statistic P < 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=259; Khalafi 2024a: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=mixed; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Combined versus independent effects of exercise training and intermittent fasting on body composition and; finding=representative statistic p = 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=214; Kibret 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=negative; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis; finding=202 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=202; Lu 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=mixed; directness=review; tier=B1; result=The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a; finding=representative statistic P = 0.024; source-level statistic reported; claims=163; Tavakoli 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=The effects of intermittent fasting on antioxidant and inflammatory markers and liver enzymes in postmenopausal; finding=representative statistic P = 0.02; source-level statistic reported; claims=144; Dai 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2; result=Additional Effect of Exercise to Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Health in Adults With; finding=representative non-significant statistic P = 0.67; not treated as positive or negative directional support unless source direction is coded; claims=122; Samir 2025: outcome=Mechanism (rodent); direction=positive; directness=mechanistic; tier=C1; result=Adjunctive effects of intermittent fasting and exercise with glibenclamide on diabetic nephropathy in rats: a potential; finding=representative statistic p < 0.0001; source-level statistic reported; claims=115; Li 2026: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=mixed; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Intermittent fasting versus continuous energy restriction in MASLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis; finding=representative statistic p = 0.031; source-level statistic reported; claims=110; Bunker 2025: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=Intermittent fasting and a no-sugar diet for Long COVID symptoms: a randomized crossover trial; finding=representative statistic p = 0.008; source-level statistic reported; claims=101; Monda 2026: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=negative; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with; finding=representative statistic p = 0.004; source-level statistic reported; claims=96; Xing 2026: outcome=Biomarker/Adjacent Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2; result=Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy; finding=representative statistic p < 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=89; Noda 2026: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=A Brief Web-Based and Mobile Intervention of Intermittent Fasting With Meal Support for Weight Loss Among Adults With; finding=representative non-significant statistic P =.10; not treated as positive or negative directional support unless source direction is coded; claims=85; Semnani-Azad 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2; result=Intermittent fasting strategies and their effects on body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic; finding=82 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=82; Lange 2023: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=negative; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Intermittent fasting improves hepatic end points in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and; finding=representative statistic p < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; claims=79; Barve 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=Cardiometabolic and molecular adaptations to 6-month intermittent fasting in middle-aged men and women with overweight; finding=representative statistic p = 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=73; Song 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=mixed; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Intermittent fasting improves metabolic outcomes in metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis with; finding=representative statistic p = 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=72; Ranneh 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=mixed; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Anthropometric Measurements, Metabolic Profile, and Hormones in Women with Polycystic; finding=representative statistic p = 0.02; source-level statistic reported; claims=69; Fattah 2026: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=The impact of intermittent fasting during weight reduction in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized; finding=representative statistic P < 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=69; Khoshkebijari 2026: outcome=Muscle Function; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Intermittent Fasting May Enhance Resistance Training Effects on the Body Composition of Obese Males, Without Affecting; finding=representative statistic p < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; claims=68; He 2026: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=negative; directness=review; tier=B1; result=The effects of intermittent fasting on BMI, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure in women with overweight or; finding=representative statistic P = 0.0396; source-level statistic reported; claims=66; Jiao 2026: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2; result=Optimal dosage of exercise combined with intermittent fasting for body composition and cardiometabolic health in; finding=representative statistic p < 0.01; source-level statistic reported; claims=60; Guo 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2; result=Comprehensive impact of Intermittent Hypoxia Training and Intermittent Fasting on metabolic and cognitive health in; finding=58 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=58; Breit 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Effects of 4:3 Intermittent Fasting on Eating Behaviors and Appetite Hormones: A Secondary Analysis of a 12-Month; finding=representative statistic p < 0.01; source-level statistic reported; claims=55; Koh 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=mixed; directness=review; tier=B1; result=The Effectiveness of Time-Restricted Eating as an Intermittent Fasting Approach on Shift Workers’ Glucose Metabolism: A; finding=representative non-significant statistic p = 0.83; not treated as positive or negative directional support unless source direction is coded; claims=46; Keenan 2022: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=The Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Continuous Energy Restriction with Exercise on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers; finding=representative non-significant statistic p = 0.47; not treated as positive or negative directional support unless source direction is coded; claims=46; Liu 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=negative; directness=review; tier=B2; result=The effects of intermittent fasting on anthropometric indices, glycemic profile, chemotherapy-related toxicity, and; finding=representative statistic p < 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=44; Sourij 2026: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Safety and efficacy of intermittent fasting with or without exercise in people living with overweight or obesity and; finding=representative statistic p < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; claims=39; Karras 2025: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Vitamin D supplementation and its impact on leptin and interleukin-6 in women following religious intermittent fasting; finding=representative statistic p < 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=36; Qudah 2026: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=positive; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Effects of intermittent fasting on HbA1c and weight in insulin versus oral hypoglycemic therapy-treated patients with; finding=representative statistic p < 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=36; Fang 2025: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Evaluation of Mobile Intermittent Fasting Applications in Chinese App Stores: Quality Evaluations and Content Analysis; finding=35 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=35; Jang 2025: outcome=Safety and Comorbidity; direction=mixed; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Intermittent Fasting Protects Against the Progression from Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease; finding=representative non-significant statistic p = 0.302; not treated as positive or negative directional support unless source direction is coded; claims=32; Sen 2026: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=Conversion Bariatric Surgery, Ketogenic Diet, and Intermittent Fasting in Bariatric Surgery Patients with Recurrent; finding=representative statistic p < 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=31; Khalafi 2025a: outcome=Biomarker/Adjacent Immune and Inflammation; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2; result=The Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Inflammatory Markers in Adults: A Systematic Review and Pairwise and Network; finding=representative statistic p = 0.009; source-level statistic reported; claims=30; Vignera 2026: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Male and Female Reproductive Hormones, Fertility, and Sexual Function: A; finding=representative statistic p = 0.002; source-level statistic reported; claims=30; Washburn 2019: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Pilot Study of Novel Intermittent Fasting Effects on Metabolomic and Trimethylamine N -oxide Changes During 24-hour; finding=representative statistic p = 0.019; source-level statistic reported; claims=28; Giorno 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2; result=Intermittent Fasting During Pregnancy and Neonatal Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis; finding=representative statistic p = 0.03; source-level statistic reported; claims=26; Pappe 2025: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=positive; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Intermittent Fasting Regimes Reduce Gingival Inflammation: A Three‐Arm Clinical Trial; finding=18 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=18; Khalafi 2024b: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B1; result=The effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults with prediabetes or type 2; finding=16 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=16; Kazeminasab 2024: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Effects of intermittent fasting combined with physical exercise on cardiometabolic outcomes: systematic review and; finding=representative statistic P = 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=14; Liu 2026: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2; result=Intermittent fasting for rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of conflicting evidence from; finding=representative statistic P < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; claims=12; Valenzano 2025: outcome=Muscle Function; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Influence of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition, Physical Performance, and the Orexinergic System in; finding=representative statistic p < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; claims=10; Khalafi 2025b: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Longer-term effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults with overweight; finding=8 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=8; Impact of Intermittent Fasting 2025: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Impact of Intermittent Fasting on Gut Barrier Function and Inflammation; finding=2 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=2; Couto 2025: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=The impact of intermittent fasting and Mediterranean diet on older adults' physical health and quality of life: A; finding=2 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=2; Yang 2021: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Effect of Epidemic Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of; finding=representative statistic p <0.05; source-level statistic reported; claims=70; Neema 2025: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Efficacy of Intermittent Fasting in the Management of Chronic Plaque Psoriasis: A Phase IIb Clinical Trial; finding=39 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=39; Bamberg 2025: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=Stable cognitive performance while adapting to intermittent fasting: A randomised controlled trial; finding=28 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=28; Zhao 2025: outcome=Mechanism (mouse); direction=null; directness=mechanistic; tier=C1; result=Hepatic lipidomics analysis reveals the anti-obesity effects of insoluble dietary fiber from okara combined with; finding=representative statistic p < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; claims=26; Wang 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null; directness=review; tier=B2; result=The impact of intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic outcomes in overweight and obese adults: a; finding=24 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=24; Struven 2025: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Impact of intermittent fasting on sleep physiology: A prospective observational study using smartwatch technology; finding=representative non-significant statistic P = .322; not treated as positive or negative directional support unless source direction is coded; claims=18; Choi 2022: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Effect of Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets and Intermittent Fasting on Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension; finding=16 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=16; Zhang 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null; directness=review; tier=B2; result=Effect of intermittent fasting on obesity and metabolic indices in patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic; finding=13 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=13; Ranjbar 2024: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=null; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=The effects of intermittent fasting diet on quality of life, clinical symptoms, inflammation, and oxidative stress in; finding=10 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=10; Beveridge 2025: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Intermittent fasting and neurocognitive disorders: What the evidence shows; finding=8 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=8; Steger 2025: outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=Rationale and protocol for a randomized parallel intervention trial of two intermittent fasting approaches in patients; finding=8 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=8; Sudasinghe 2026: outcome=Mechanism/Cardiometabolic (cell/in vitro); direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Intermittent fasting and neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease: metabolic mechanisms, cellular signaling, and; finding=2 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=2; Khalifa 2025: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Intermittent fasting and liver disease: Insights from the Ramadan model; finding=1 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; claims=1. Contextual-adjacent subdomain map:  - adjacent clinical-context evidence: Bunker 2025, Lange 2023, Keenan 2022, Fang 2025, Vignera 2026, Bamberg 2025, Washburn 2019, Struven 2025; additional sources retained in manifest - treatment or intervention-response evidence: Karras 2025  These signals inform the bounded conclusion by separating effect direction from evidence tier/directness; indirect, review-level, mechanistic, or contextual evidence remains hypothesis-generating.", "| Cardiometabolic | Koh 2025: The Effectiveness of Time-Restricted Eating as an Intermittent Fasting Approach on Shift Workers’ Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | direction=mixed | directness=review | B1 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=mixed | finding=representative non-significant statistic p = 0.83; not treated as positive or negative directional support unless source direction is coded |"], "limitations": ["This is an agent-assisted evidence map, not a PRISMA-complete systematic review or clinical guideline.", "It is not PROSPERO-registered and should not be read as medical advice.", "Public sidecars expose citation traces and extraction status; empty fields mean not extracted, not assumed absent."], "publication_id": "7e5ce8c6-78d4-4732-b449-7c9ff84676ce", "screening": {"excluded": 0, "exclusion_reasons": ["No PRISMA full-text exclusion-stage filter was applied."], "flow": ["identified", "screened", "excluded_with_reasons", "included"], "identified": 60, "included": 60, "included_or_retained": 60, "screened": 60, "wording": "60 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. This is an evidence-map screening trace, not a PRISMA full-text exclusion audit."}}

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