source · application/json
source_2804a43f22ec41e8
sha256 b4ae790e6aad8bec86eabe2b296e40661162993c5aeccfa975469063edb93287
by researka:v2 · 2026-07-02 02:13:53.663055+04:00
{"publication_id": "60d2c379-d1f7-471e-9252-90414e695085", "traces": [{"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis across 48 curated references, mapping each study to direct versus indirect evidence and to one of six outcome classes (cardiometabolic, immune, contextual-other, safety, muscle function, deficiency-prevalence), with an explicit audit trail retaining study-level direction-of-effect.", "claim_id": "claim_1"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "Outside cardiometabolism, immune-class findings are themselves mixed: DEMIRCI 2023 reports an improvement in endothelial function in hypertensive patients after Ramadan (positive direction), whereas the Trabelsi 2022 narrative review (null direction) frames any immunological impact as inconsistent, a null vs positive tension that can be interpreted as partial rather than contradictory.", "claim_id": "claim_2"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.", "claim_id": "claim_3"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "The corpus contains 4 direct clinical sources, 43 adjacent, review, or context sources, and 1 mechanistic or model-system source. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_4"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation.", "claim_id": "claim_5"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.", "claim_id": "claim_6"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof.", "claim_id": "claim_7"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.", "claim_id": "claim_8"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints.", "claim_id": "claim_9"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.", "claim_id": "claim_10"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint.", "claim_id": "claim_11"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge.", "claim_id": "claim_12"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "Evidence-honesty note: 44/48 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.", "claim_id": "claim_13"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "This paper synthesizes evidence on ramadan fasting effects across 48 included source papers and 2090 high-confidence extracted claims.", "claim_id": "claim_14"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "The evidence profile contains 4 direct clinical sources, 43 adjacent, review, or context sources, and 1 mechanistic or model-system source, with a high-density pairwise disagreement map across the evidence base.", "claim_id": "claim_15"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "Positive study-level signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; null signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; negative signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; mixed or heterogeneous signals are summarized in the cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, immune and inflammation, deficiency prevalence, mechanism, muscle function, and safety and comorbidity outcome classes. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "claim_id": "claim_16"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "The conclusion is that ramadan fasting effects remains a bounded evidence case: the retained clinical and mechanistic evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified broad clinical claim.", "claim_id": "claim_17"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "In the abstract section, this principle is applied to the specific evidence-role, endpoint-distance, population-fit, direction-of-effect, and safety-tradeoff pattern in the retained corpus rather than repeated as a generic caution. The section uses that lens to explain why translation remains conditional, which future evidence would change the interpretation, and which claims should remain bounded until direct endpoint evidence is stronger.", "claim_id": "claim_18"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "This synthesis evaluates evidence on ramadan fasting effects across 48 accepted source papers and 2090 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.", "claim_id": "claim_19"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "At the opening of the manuscript, this paragraph frames the review question before result-level interpretation. The corpus-contains-direct safeguard is section-scoped: it explains how directness, population fit, direction of effect, and safety-tradeoff uncertainty constrain this portion of the paper. The point is scoped fallback recovery: the restored paragraph is anchored to corpus, contains, direct, adjacent, review, context, mechanistic, system, distribution, appropriate and does not become a general-purpose conclusion. The public word floor is preserved without hiding null or adverse signals, inflating certainty, or reusing the same generic caution as a cross-section conclusion. 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{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "claim_id": "claim_29"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad093"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/4321423", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/4321423"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216"}], "claim": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "claim_id": "claim_30"}]}
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