source · application/json
source_2a152b3ccdf5411d
sha256 53946743496e7fe32febc165721cd0be9d8a95b65eb861d408c80005564fa149
by researka:v2 · 2026-06-24 04:42:41.269095+04:00
{"publication_id": "941512c2-b114-4c13-986c-205ddb9531a5", "traces": [{"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Evidence-honesty note: 25/30 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.", "claim_id": "claim_1"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "This synthesis tests the thesis that evidence for NAD+ Effects is context-dependent, separating outcome-specific signals from broader claims and identifying the evidence gaps that should bound interpretation.", "claim_id": "claim_2"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) replenishment has attracted substantial interest as a candidate intervention for age-related functional decline, yet the human evidence base remains fragmented across precursor formulations, populations, and endpoint categories.", "claim_id": "claim_3"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "This synthesis was assembled through an AI-assisted structured evidence review in which each candidate paper was classified by study design, outcome domain, and directness tier before being retained or downgraded, with an explicit audit trail linking every claim to a source.", "claim_id": "claim_4"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Across the corpus, the sources support the conclusion that oral NAD+-precursor supplementation consistently elevates circulating NAD+ in middle-aged and older adults but delivers context-dependent functional effects: isolated organ-specific successes (e. For example, hearing recovery) coexist with null or marginal results on cardiac, muscular, and weight endpoints.", "claim_id": "claim_5"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Evidence-abstraction note.** The 30 retained reference papers are not 30 independent primary clinical trials: 25 are review, indirect, mechanistic, or registered-protocol source-level summaries, and 5 are classified as direct interventional evidence. Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_6"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "This manuscript is reported as a Thin-corpus evidence brief. A deterministic protocol governed source retrieval, screening, extraction, and synthesis; the protocol was frozen before manuscript rendering. The full audit trail is in the supplementary `methods_pack.json` and the timestamped submission directory `synthesis-nad_effects-v06-DAILY-2026-06-24T00-20-28Z-R2`.", "claim_id": "claim_7"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "claim_id": "claim_8"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "claim_id": "claim_9"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, frailty, immune and inflammation, longevity, muscle function, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "claim_id": "claim_10"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "claim_id": "claim_11"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "claim_id": "claim_12"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=16; claims=915 | no extracted directional signal in 8/16 sources | 3 direct; 12 indirect; 1 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_13"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "claim_id": "claim_14"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate.", "claim_id": "claim_15"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "16 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: negative=2, null=8, positive=1, unclear=5. Directness coding: direct=3, indirect=12, review=1.", "claim_id": "claim_16"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Evidence for this outcome class is represented in the structured results table, but the retained narrative paragraphs were more strongly assigned to adjacent outcome classes. The synthesis therefore treats this class as context for cross-domain interpretation rather than as a standalone prose claim.", "claim_id": "claim_17"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: mechanistic=1.", "claim_id": "claim_18"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1.", "claim_id": "claim_19"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Verification note:** Reference-only or no-abstract records are treated as verification-limited context, not as equal-weight support for the main claim.", "claim_id": "claim_20"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "The curated corpus for NAD+ carries a foundational gap in long-horizon clinical evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_21"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; the endpoint inventory is dominated by pharmacodynamic and biomarker readouts rather than functional or hard clinical outcomes. Most sources measure blood or tissue NAD+ levels, NAD+/NADH ratio (Ren 2023: brain target engagement in Parkinson's and multiple sclerosis), or short-term performance surrogates (Liao 2021: amateur runners, 300/600/1200 mg/day NMN; Liao 2021 reports aerobic-capacity endpoints but with no mortality follow-up). Gait speed — a domain where canonical thresholds exist (0.8 m/s, Studenski 2011; 0.6 m/s, Cesari 2009; a 0.1 m/s change is considered clinically meaningful, Perera 2006) — is not directly measured in any source, so mobility-based interpretation must be inferred from upstream molecular signals. Adverse-event collection is also short and inconsistent: Curran 2023 (CKD context) flags that chronic kidney disease affects more than 10% of the global population but provides no human supplementation safety synthesis, and chronic-dosing safety beyond weeks cannot be established from this corpus.", "claim_id": "claim_22"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "The corpus contains genuine mechanistic and cross-species evidence that does not translate directly to clinical claims. Curran 2025 is a meta-analysis of niacin and NAD-metabolite treatment in infectious-disease animal studies, not in humans, and its positive directional signal (effect direction: positive) cannot be aggregated with human RCT effect sizes. As a methodological matter, surrogate associations do not guarantee hard-outcome validity (Ioannidis 2005), and the most defensible reading of the corpus is that the mechanistic-to-clinical bridge remains incomplete for skeletal-muscle, infectious-disease, and frailty indications until adequately powered human trials with functional endpoints are available.", "claim_id": "claim_23"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "For NAD+ effects, the final interpretation is deliberately tiered: the retained clinical and mechanistic evidence profile defines a bounded geroscience rationale, but the corpus does not support treating mechanistic target engagement, intermediate biomarkers, and patient-relevant outcomes as interchangeable evidence. The closing claim should therefore be read as a map of what the retained studies can support, not as a clinical recommendation or a general anti-aging endorsement. Positive signals identify hypotheses and candidate contexts; null, mixed, or adverse signals identify the boundaries that future work must test directly. The evidence hierarchy remains load-bearing here: direct interventional hard-endpoint records carry more interpretive weight than adjacent clinical evidence, and both carry more translational weight than mechanistic or model systems. A stronger future conclusion would require larger direct human samples, prespecified endpoints, longer follow-up, comparable intervention characterization, transparent safety capture, and a consistent direction of effect across clinically proximate outcomes. Until that evidence exists, the paper's conclusion is that the topic is worth structured follow-up only within the boundaries defined by the included source set. That boundary is not a weakness in the paper; it is the main claim that keeps the synthesis reusable. Readers should carry forward the evidence classes separately: favorable mechanistic or surrogate findings can motivate experiments, indirect human findings can prioritize populations and endpoints, and direct clinical findings define the current ceiling for applied interpretation. The current corpus may support NAD+ effects as a general health or lifestyle intervention where otherwise indicated, but does not justify marketing it as a standalone geroprotective or anti-aging intervention with proven hard-longevity effects. Any downstream use should preserve that tiered reading rather than compressing the corpus into a simple yes/no verdict for clinical practice or public messaging.", "claim_id": "claim_24"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "This synthesis maps 30 included sources on NAD+ Effects across 8 outcome classes and 146 cross-study disagreements. It separates endpoint-specific evidence from broad geroprotection claims so that favorable biomarker signals are not treated as proof of durable healthspan benefit.", "claim_id": "claim_25"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Across 30 curated reference papers, the evidence base for NAD+ shows a context-dependent profile. Positive signals appear in: frailty. Negative signals appear in: contextual other, longevity. Null findings dominate: contextual other, dosing pharmacokinetics. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The NAD+ anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established.", "claim_id": "claim_26"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "The strongest unresolved contrast is the disagreement between Zhao 2024 and Curran 2025 on contextual adjacent evidence (severity 5/5), which defines the boundary condition future studies must test rather than smooth over.", "claim_id": "claim_27"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "Prior reviews in the corpus (Curran 2025, Baichuan 2023, Han 2022) emphasize convergent signals on NAD+ Effects. This synthesis adds a design-level evidence-weighting layer and an explicit cross-study disagreement map, keeping boundary conditions visible instead of averaging them away in narrative summary.", "claim_id": "claim_28"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "| Evidence domain | Direct sources | Indirect / mechanism sources | Direction profile | Interpretation boundary |", "claim_id": "claim_29"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3", "study": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3"}, {"doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab193", "study": "NAD + -Precursor Supplementation With L-Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Function or Skeletal Muscle Function in Physically Compromised Older Adults", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab193"}, {"doi": "10.1002/lary.70173", "study": "NAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.70173"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4", "study": "Development of a 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD + at 3 T", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53292-4"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y", "study": "Meta-analysis of niacin and NAD metabolite treatment in infectious disease animal studies suggests benefit but requires confirmation in clinically relevant models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95735-y"}], "claim": "| cardiometabolic | 0 | 3 | mixed, null, unclear | direct interventional hard-endpoint gap |", "claim_id": "claim_30"}]}
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