source · application/json
source_31377e9522754ca3
sha256 9138b4d64ffa3991c40d65a794e88128b232c8518da15087eb9128219007274b
by researka:v2 · 2026-06-24 12:23:00.977537+04:00
{"content_hash": "sha256:6e27431df9050a7e6cd2b47627fece3ef7b0700f9d068e575355b33a2909e97b", "edges": [{"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_1", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_2", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_3", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_4", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_5", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_6", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_7", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_8", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_9", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_10", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_11", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_12", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_13", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_14", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_15", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_16", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_17", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_18", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_19", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_20", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_21", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_22", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_23", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_24", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_25", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_26", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_27", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_28", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_29", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "to": "claim_30", "type": "contains_claim"}], "nodes": [{"id": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "title": "Hypothesis-Generating Brief: Taurine supplementation — full paper", "type": "publication"}, {"id": "claim_1", "text": "This paper synthesizes evidence on Taurine supplementation across 67 accepted source papers and 1827 high-confidence extracted claims.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_2", "text": "The evidence profile contains 8 direct clinical sources, 57 adjacent clinical sources, and 2 mechanistic or model-system sources, with a high-density pairwise disagreement map across the evidence base.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_3", "text": "Positive study-level signals are summarized in the contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic, immune and inflammation outcome classes, null signals in the contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic, immune and inflammation outcome classes, and negative signals in the cardiometabolic outcome class. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_4", "text": "The conclusion is that Taurine supplementation remains a bounded geroscience case: the retained clinical and mechanistic evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified anti-aging claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_5", "text": "This manuscript is reported as a Thin-corpus evidence brief. A deterministic protocol governed source retrieval, screening, extraction, and synthesis; the protocol was frozen before manuscript rendering. The full audit trail is in the supplementary `methods_pack.json` and the timestamped submission directory `synthesis-taurine-v06-DAILY-2026-06-24T08-14-59Z`.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_6", "text": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_7", "text": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_8", "text": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, immune and inflammation, longevity, mechanism, mortality and survival, muscle function, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_9", "text": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_10", "text": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_11", "text": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_12", "text": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=35; claims=1187 | no extracted directional signal in 27/35 sources | 3 direct; 14 indirect; 18 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_13", "text": "This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_14", "text": "35 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=27, positive=8. Directness coding: direct=3, indirect=14, review=18.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_15", "text": "13 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: mixed=1, negative=3, null=6, positive=3. Directness coding: direct=2, indirect=1, review=10.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_16", "text": "5 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=4, positive=1. Directness coding: indirect=1, review=4.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_17", "text": "3 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2, positive=1. Directness coding: direct=1, review=2.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_18", "text": "Evidence for this outcome class is represented in the structured results table, but the retained narrative paragraphs were more strongly assigned to adjacent outcome classes. The synthesis therefore treats this class as context for cross-domain interpretation rather than as a standalone prose claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_19", "text": "4 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=3, unclear=1. Directness coding: indirect=1, review=3.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_20", "text": "2 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2. Directness coding: mechanistic=2.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_21", "text": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_22", "text": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: review=1.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_23", "text": "Verification note:** Reference-only or no-abstract records are treated as verification-limited context, not as equal-weight support for the main claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_24", "text": "A first limitation is the absence of a long-term, adequately powered mortality or hard cardiovascular endpoint trial of taurine monotherapy in non-diabetic, community-dwelling adults. Consequently, the headline conclusion that the anti-aging case is 'incomplete' rests on the absence of such a trial as much as on the heterogeneity of the surrogate-level data, and any inference about long-term clinical benefit cannot be supported by the present evidence map.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_25", "text": "A second limitation is single-source dependence for several outcome classes that nevertheless appear in the synthesis. The Longevity class is supported only by Mottaghi 2026 (liver-transplant graft outcomes, direct but narrow); Mortality is supported by Stijn 2015 and Zhang 2024 alone; Safety/Comorbidity is supported only by Zinellu 2015 in chronic kidney disease; and the Deficiency/Prevalence class rests on Marcangeli 2025, a small biomarker study in men aged 20–100. Because each of these outcome classes is touched by one — or at most two — sources, the within-corpus replication that would normally anchor an evidence map is absent, and any effect direction for these classes should be treated as hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_26", "text": "A fourth limitation is the narrow endpoint scope of the human evidence. Patient-important endpoints such as incident cardiovascular events, hospitalisation for heart failure, fragility fracture, or dementia incidence are not reported in any of the in-corpus RCTs, and the energy-drink literature (Basrai 2019, Acute Effects of Energy 2025) addresses acute pressor responses (P < 0.00001) rather than chronic vascular outcomes. To our reading, the balance of the human evidence suggests that taurine may have a role as an adjunct for specific cardiometabolic and exercise endpoints in selected populations, but does not constitute a standalone anti-aging therapy in humans, and the boundary conditions for that adjunct role remain to be established.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_27", "text": "For lifestyle, dietary, or exercise contexts, the data are best interpreted as hypothesis-generating rather than prescriptive: taurine's general-health support within normal dietary intake is a separate question from claims of a proven standalone anti-aging effect, and the chronic-dosing blood-pressure and lipid findings (Waldron 2018; Sun 2016; Sun 2024) should be regarded as adjunct signals rather than endorsement of population-wide supplementation. The most informative single next step is a prespecified, chronic-dosing RCT in middle-aged and older adults that pre-registers both a biological-aging primary endpoint (e. For example, the metrics in Effects of Daily Taurine 2025, 4 g/day for 6 months in adults aged 55–75) and cardiometabolic secondaries, so that the current cardiometabolic signal can be disambiguated from the energy-drink acute-effect findings of Acute Effects of Energy 2025. Until such a trial reports, the integrating thesis stands: taurine may exert measurable cardiometabolic effects in selected contexts, and the broader anti-aging case remains to be confirmed in adequately powered, chronic-duration human trials with hard endpoints, and the boundary conditions — including dose, duration, baseline deficiency, and population — remain to be established.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_28", "text": "This synthesis maps 67 included sources on Taurine across 10 outcome classes and a high-density pairwise disagreement map. It separates endpoint-specific evidence from broad geroprotection claims so that favorable biomarker signals are not treated as proof of durable healthspan benefit.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_29", "text": "Across 67 curated reference papers, the evidence base for taurine shows a context-dependent profile. Positive signals appear in: contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic. Negative signals appear in: cardiometabolic. Null findings dominate: contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The taurine anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_30", "text": "Prior reviews in the corpus (Sun 2024, Tzang 2024, Wang 2026, Waldron 2018, Almohaimeed 2024) emphasize convergent signals on Taurine. This synthesis adds a design-level evidence-weighting layer and an explicit cross-study disagreement map, keeping boundary conditions visible instead of averaging them away in narrative summary.", "type": "claim"}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_1", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_2", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_3", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_4", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_5", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2026.1711478", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_6", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "A nutritional blend of taurine, vitamins B6, B9, and B12 improves motivated behaviors in healthy adults—a double-blinded randomized clinical trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1711478", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1080/15502783.2026.2673071", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_7", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) and taurine combination improves anaerobic performance in highly trained wrestlers: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2026.2673071", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-46877-0", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_8", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Taurine stimulates EPO production in feline renal cells through the HIF pathway", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46877-0", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/ph18081112", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_9", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Gallic Acid and Taurine Attenuate Thiamethoxam-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats by Modulating SIRT-1/PGC-1α, NF-κB/iNOS, and p53/Bax/Caspase-3 Pathways", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18081112", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.70044", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_10", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acute Effects of Caffeine and Taurine Co‐Ingestion on Time to Exhaustion and Thermoregulatory Responses to Cycling in the Heat", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70044", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/nu18111684", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_11", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Taurine-, Caffeine-, and Phosphatidylserine-Containing Supplementation Protocols on Physical and Cognitive Performance in Professional Male Football Players", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111684", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12903-025-06690-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_12", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Taurine, Sirtuin-1 and TNF- α levels in different aged adults with periodontitis: a pilot study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06690-z", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12879-026-13009-y", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_13", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Taurine supplementation as a therapeutic strategy for cellular senescence and chronic inflammation in long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-13009-y", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12937-021-00712-6", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_14", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The effects of Taurine supplementation on inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury: a double-blind randomized controlled trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00712-6", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0350389", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_15", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of taurine supplementation on metabolic health and biological aging in healthcare workers: A protocol for a triple-blinded, Bayesian-optimized phase II randomized controlled trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0350389", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/anu/7769837", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_16", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of Dietary Taurine on the Innate Immune Responses, Digestive Function, and mTOR Signaling in Coho Salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch )", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/anu/7769837", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2024.1337738", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_17", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Association of taurine intake with changes in physical fitness among community-dwelling middle-aged and older Japanese adults: an 8-year longitudinal study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1337738", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12937-024-00995-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_18", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Insights into the cardiovascular benefits of taurine: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-024-00995-5", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fmicb.2026.1662296", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_19", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Maternal dietary taurine supplementation improves intestinal health of lambs via modulating gut microbiota and barrier function", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1662296", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1080/15502783.2025.2566371", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_20", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Caffeine and taurine: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of their individual and combined effects on physical capacity, cognitive function, and physiological markers", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2566371", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/ani15131929", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_21", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Rumen-Protected Taurine Supplementation on Ruminal Fermentation, Hematological Profiles, Liver Function, and Immune Responses in Yaks", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15131929", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1111/acel.70127", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_22", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Senescence Cell Induction Methods Display Diverse Metabolic Reprogramming and Reveal an Underpinning Serine/Taurine Reductive Metabolic Phenotype", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.70127", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173533", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_23", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173533", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.2337/db25-1751-p", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_24", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "1751-P: Physical Exercise Associated or Not with Taurine Supplementation—Impacts on Metabolic Health in Older Women with Sarcopenic Obesity", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2337/db25-1751-p", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1111/acel.70191", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_25", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Experimental Evidence Against Taurine Deficiency as a Driver of Aging in Humans", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.70191", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41430-021-01010-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_26", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Profiling inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers following taurine supplementation: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled trials.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-021-01010-4", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1002/cam4.70424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_27", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis: Taurine and Its Association With Colorectal Carcinoma", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.70424", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1016/j.metabol.2025.156185", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_28", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Prolonged increase in glutamate whole body and intracellular production in older adults with COPD and healthy controls post-resistance exercise.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2025.156185", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3389/fnagi.2024.1379431", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_29", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Investigating the potential neuroprotective benefits of taurine and Dihydrotestosterone and Hydroxyprogesterone levels in SH-SY5Y cells", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1379431", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.54727/cbps.v2.i1.33", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_30", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The acute effects of energy drink with taurine on resting blood pressure in healthy young adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.54727/cbps.v2.i1.33", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/jn/nxab123", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_31", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Bigu-Style Fasting Affects Metabolic Health by Modulating Taurine, Glucose, and Cholesterol Homeostasis in Healthy Young Adults.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab123", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1177/19417381241231627", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_32", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Caffeine-Taurine Co-Ingestion on Endurance Cycling Performance in High Temperature and Humidity Environments.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381241231627", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.042", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_33", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The effect of taurine supplementation on delirium post liver transplantation: A randomized controlled trial.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.042", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.044", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_34", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Taurine supplementation associated with exercise increases mitochondrial activity and fatty acid oxidation gene expression in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue of obese women.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.044", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/cells14100727", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_35", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Taurine Prevents Impairments in Skin Barrier Function and Dermal Collagen Synthesis Triggered by Sleep Deprivation-Induced Estrogen Circadian Rhythm Disruption", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14100727", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.03.012", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_36", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Efficacy of taurine-enhanced enteral nutrition in improving the outcomes of critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.03.012", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/nu15081843", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_37", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Taurine: A Source and Application for the Relief of Visual Fatigue", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081843", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1016/j.nut.2022.111706", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_38", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Taurine as a possible antiaging therapy: A controlled clinical trial on taurine antioxidant activity in women ages 55 to 70.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111706", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.102920", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_39", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Could taurine supplementation improve graft functions after liver transplantation? A randomized clinical trial among liver transplant recipients.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.102920", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_40", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects Of Daily Taurine Intake For 6 Months On Biological Age and Body Metabolism Indicators As Well As Physical Fitness In 55-75-year-old Women And Men", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/ijms262311309", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_41", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Creatine and Taurine as Novel Competitive Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase: A Biochemical Basis for Nutritional Modulation of Brain Function", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311309", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00726-021-03041-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_42", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Taurine supplementation in conjunction with exercise modulated cytokines and improved subcutaneous white adipose tissue plasticity in obese women.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-021-03041-4", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1242/jeb.249418", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_43", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Taurine efflux counters the hydrodynamic impact of anaerobic metabolism to protect cardiorespiratory function under acute thermal stress in brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis)", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.249418", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fmolb.2026.1748185", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_44", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Transcriptomic profiling of chlorogenic acid and taurine treatment in human skin cells provides insights into cellular senescence mechanisms", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2026.1748185", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1101/2025.03.31.646363", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_45", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Reduced taurine transporter expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines from Alzheimer’s disease patients compared with age-matched controls: Therapeutic implications?", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.31.646363", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1101/2025.05.27.656381", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_46", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Hormetic elevation of taurine restrains inflammaging by deactivating the NLRP3 inflammasome", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.05.27.656381", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_47", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Thalassemic Iron Overload Cardiomyopathy is Ameliorated by Taurine Supplementation", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118813", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_48", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The role of taurine on chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity: A systematic review of non-clinical study.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118813", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/ijms160612288", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_49", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of Oral Taurine on Morbidity and Mortality in Elderly Hip Fracture Patients: A Randomized Trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612288", "year": 2015}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1016/j.numecd.2014.11.004", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_50", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Impact of cholesterol lowering treatment on plasma kynurenine and tryptophan concentrations in chronic kidney disease: relationship with oxidative stress improvement.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2014.11.004", "year": 2015}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.4061/2011/235653", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_51", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Possible Association of High Urinary Magnesium and Taurine to Creatinine Ratios with Metabolic Syndrome Risk Reduction in Australian Aboriginals", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/235653", "year": 2011}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000001432", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_52", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The Effect of Acute Taurine Ingestion on Human Maximal Voluntary Muscle Contraction.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001432", "year": 2018}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1139/apnm-2017-0775", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_53", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Exercise and taurine in inflammation, cognition, and peripheral markers of blood-brain barrier integrity in older women.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0775", "year": 2018}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1177/0884533614533610", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_54", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Phase IV prospective clinical study to evaluate the effect of taurine on liver function in postsurgical adult patients requiring parenteral nutrition.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533614533610", "year": 2014}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1093/jn/nxy303", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_55", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Energy Drinks Induce Acute Cardiovascular and Metabolic Changes Pointing to Potential Risks for Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy303", "year": 2019}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s11906-018-0881-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_56", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The Effects of Oral Taurine on Resting Blood Pressure in Humans: a Meta-Analysis.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0881-z", "year": 2018}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1139/apnm-2012-0229", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_57", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of taurine supplementation following eccentric exercise in young adults.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0229", "year": 2014}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00394-013-0586-7", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_58", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity after taurine supplementation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0586-7", "year": 2014}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1902/jop.2011.100568", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_59", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of the topical use of the antioxidant taurine on the two basement membrane proteins of regenerating oral gingival epithelium.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2011.100568", "year": 2012}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-13-8023-5_22", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_60", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Dietary Taurine Supplementation on Blood and Urine Taurine Concentrations in the Elderly Women with Dementia.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8023-5_22", "year": 2019}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/978-981-13-8023-5_32", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_61", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The Development of Taurine Supplementary Menus for the Prevention of Dementia and Their Positive Effect on the Cognitive Function in the Elderly with Dementia.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8023-5_32", "year": 2019}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06624", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_62", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06624", "year": 2016}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd006072.pub2", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_63", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd006072.pub2", "year": 2007}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1002/jimd.12085", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_64", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction in inherited cystathionine β-synthase deficient homocystinuria and the impact of taurine treatment in a phase 1/2 human clinical trial.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jimd.12085", "year": 2019}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07497-7", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_65", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of taurine on markers of muscle damage, inflammatory response and physical performance in triathletes.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07497-7", "year": 2018}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_66", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Longitudinal analysis of taurine induced effects on the tear proteome of contact lens wearers and dry eye patients using a RP-RP-Capillary-HPLC-MALDI TOF/TOF MS approach.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.018", "year": 2012}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_67", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Does Taurine Supplementation Improve Vascular Function and Orthostatic Responses in Long COVID?", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_68", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_69", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_70", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Directional signal** is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_71", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_72", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Daily Taurine 2025", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_73", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Does Taurine Supplementation n.d.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_74", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Thalassemic Iron Overload 2024", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}], "publication_id": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "screening": {"excluded": 0, "exclusion_reasons": ["No PRISMA full-text exclusion-stage filter was applied."], "flow": ["identified", "screened", "excluded_with_reasons", "included"], "identified": 67, "included": 67, "included_or_retained": 67, "screened": 67, "wording": "67 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. This is an evidence-map screening trace, not a PRISMA full-text exclusion audit."}}
metadata
{
"researka_object_type": "publication_sidecar",
"researka_publication_id": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1",
"researka_submission_id": "75b9ea97-ba06-49ad-aebf-30a33a168ac7",
"sidecar_name": "claim_graph.json",
"sidecar_url": "https://api.researka.org/publications/b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1/sidecars/claim_graph.json"
}