source · application/json
source_3447b6efceaf4ddd
sha256 10f26b78bfcca3a9fe99b8e01a6a93eba9298d2c3878a64c265fdd0df4aa6abf
by researka:v2 · 2026-06-22 18:18:33.543371+04:00
{"content_hash": "sha256:99fa6d16c2604147fe0cda2c4928fd050970836632d0c9453339748a7a3b795d", "edges": [{"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_1", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_2", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_3", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_4", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_5", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_6", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_7", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_8", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_9", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_10", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_11", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_12", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_13", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_14", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_15", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_16", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_17", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_18", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_19", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_20", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_21", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_22", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_23", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_24", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_25", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_26", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_27", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_28", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_29", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "to": "claim_30", "type": "contains_claim"}], "nodes": [{"id": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "title": "Hypothesis-Generating Brief: GLP-1 longevity — full paper", "type": "publication"}, {"id": "claim_1", "text": "Evidence-honesty note: 27/52 retained sources are coded as null or no extracted directional signal; this corpus is non-supportive for clinical efficacy claims and hypothesis-generating only. Source-bundle reconciliation note: Directional coding is conservative claim-level coding from extracted claim records, not a statement that the source texts contain no directional findings; source-level positive, negative, or unclear findings should be interpreted through the coded outcome class, directness, and claim-count fields. 50/52 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_2", "text": "We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis with a per-claim audit trail, in which each cited finding is linked to a source and an outcome class; we did not invoke preclinical or surrogate evidence to substitute for direct human longevity data, following the methodological caution of Ioannidis 2005 that surrogate endpoint associations do not guarantee hard-outcome validity.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_3", "text": "Body-composition signals are no less ambiguous, because the canonical sarcopenia grip-strength cutoffs of 27 kg for men and 16 kg for women (Cruz-Jentoft 2019) and the WHO 2000 obesity threshold of 30 kg/m2 are the very benchmarks the GLP-1 claim must respect, and Effect of Oral Semaglutide 2026 and Ghanim 2024 provide only direct or null evidence on lean mass preservation, not longevity per se.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_4", "text": "Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_5", "text": "This synthesis evaluates evidence on GLP-1 longevity across 52 included source papers and 1577 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, indirect interventional hard-endpoint evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_6", "text": "The corpus contains 2 direct clinical sources, 50 adjacent clinical sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_7", "text": "The thesis is: Across 52 curated reference papers, the evidence base for Glp 1 shows a context-dependent profile. Positive signals appear in: longevity, mortality survival. Negative signals appear in: cardiometabolic, contextual other. Null findings dominate: contextual other, cardiometabolic. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The Glp 1 anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established. This thesis is treated as an organizing claim, not as a substitute for the study table, because the source record includes supportive, null, and adverse signals across different outcome classes.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_8", "text": "This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_9", "text": "The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_10", "text": "Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_11", "text": "Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_12", "text": "The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_13", "text": "Geroscience frames aging as a unitary biological process in which a discrete set of hallmark mechanisms — mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, deregulated nutrient sensing, stem-cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, and others — can be targeted to delay or compress morbidity and extend healthspan (canonical threshold anchors include Studenski 2011's 0.8 m/s gait-speed marker and Cruz-Jentoft 2019's 27 kg / 16 kg grip-strength cutoffs). This framework has regulatory implications: if aging itself is repositioned as a treatable condition, the field requires outcome measures that are sensitive to the tempo of functional decline and not solely to discrete disease events, a methodological caution reinforced by Ioannidis 2005 on surrogate endpoints. The present synthesis is anchored in GLP-1 — the proposal that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonism, alone or combined with dual incretins, may shift trajectories on these aging-relevant endpoints. Across 52 curated references, however, the GLP-1 case is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and boundary conditions remain to be established.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_14", "text": "The preclinical and disease-model profile of incretin drugs, including dual and triple agonists, supplies the mechanistic plausibility for the Glp 1 hypothesis. Incretin pathways couple nutrient sensing to downstream cellular energetics, inflammation, and stress responses, intersecting several hallmarks central to geroscience (Mullur 2024). The corpus further suggests that pleiotropic actions on incretin drug signaling extend beyond glycemic control, with documented or hypothesized effects on blood pressure, lipid handling, and inflammatory tone (Zietek 2016; Rivera 2024). The receptor pharmacology underlying Glp 1 candidacy includes long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists such as semaglutide, with structural homology to endogenous GLP-1 and extended half-life, and the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide (Alkhatib 2025; Schneck 2024). Nonetheless, the same corpus surfaces heterogeneity: observational and review-level evidence documents both favorable and null effects on intermediate cardiometabolic surrogates, suggesting that incretin drug mechanisms do not translate uniformly across all populations or comorbidity profiles.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_15", "text": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_16", "text": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_17", "text": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, immune and inflammation, longevity, mortality and survival, muscle function, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_18", "text": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_19", "text": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_20", "text": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=16; claims=563 | no extracted directional signal in 10/16 sources | 9 indirect; 7 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_21", "text": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_22", "text": "Contextual Adjacent Evidence: n=16; claims=563; no extracted directional signal in 10/16 sources | directness: 9 indirect; 7 review; main limitation: no direct clinical anchor.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_23", "text": "Mechanistically, the cardiometabolic evidence in this corpus maps onto canonical GLP-1 receptor pathways including glycemic lowering, weight reduction, blood pressure decrement, and lipid modulation, which are most cleanly read in clinical RCT material such as Impact of GLP Receptor 2026 and in meta-analytic synthesis such as Rivera 2024. Crowley's case report (Crowley 2024) on lymphedema and Hashimoto 2025 on combined obesity-diabetes management extend the mechanistic substrate into adjacent cardiometabolic territory, while Fang 2026 reviews the dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist tirzepatide in obstructive sleep apnea as a downstream BMI-mediated cardiovascular lever, citing a near six-fold OSAS risk increment for every 10% BMI rise.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_24", "text": "Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; within-corpus tensions in the cardiometabolic class are dense and must be read carefully. A second layer of conflict emerges between Rivera 2024's positive effect and the null directions reported by Randomisation to Endobarrier Alone 2017, Zhang 2024, Ghanim 2024, Mullur 2024, Alshehri 2025, Noordam 2025, Fang 2026, Bethel 2021, and Baviera 2022. A parallel layer separates the direct randomized evidence in Impact of GLP Receptor 2026 from the indirect observational and review evidence across the remaining source set, including Xu 2022, Piccini 2023, Coleman 2025, and PCOS 2022, an indirectness gap that should be preserved when integrating the cardiometabolic evidence base rather than collapsed across directness strata. (Detailed study-by-study endpoint values, including all p-values, are tabulated in the evidence synthesis.)", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_25", "text": "Mechanistically, the contextual evidence base draws on three distinct substrate types. In a clinical RCT layer, Alkhatimalla-style pharmacokinetic characterization describes semaglutide as 94% structurally similar to endogenous GLP-1, with a half-life of 155–184 hours achieved by reduced metabolic clearance, and follow-up windows extending to 208 weeks in cited cohorts.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_26", "text": "The disagreement is most interpretable as endpoint-specific: Wu 2022 interrogates arrhythmia signals, whereas the conflicting null sources report on renal composites, behavioral outcomes, and stroke subtypes, each of which has a distinct biological substrate.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_27", "text": "The single included source addressing dosing and pharmacokinetics, Schneck 2024, is a population pharmacokinetic analysis of tirzepatide, a GIP/GLP receptor agonist administered subcutaneously in adults. The endpoint characterization centers on terminal half-life, exposure–response, and the once-weekly dosing schedule that follows the 4-week titration step. The canonical anchor for clinical dosing, as documented in the source, specifies that after 4 weeks the dose can be increased to 5 mg s.c. q.w., a transition that supports the sustained-exposure profile required for chronic administration. The study design is observational rather than interventional, and duration is framed by the population PK sampling strategy rather than a fixed follow-up window.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_28", "text": "Quantitative findings in Schneck 2024 converge on a half-life of approximately 5 days, a value that underwrites the once-weekly dosing interval. The source reports P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 as the model-derived significance markers supporting the exposure–response characterization, which jointly validate the sustained plasma profile observed across the dosing interval. These model-anchored results are reported without rounding or transformation in this synthesis. Because the source carries no clinical endpoint beyond PK modeling, the outcome class resolves entirely on pharmacokinetic rather than efficacy metrics.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_29", "text": "Within-corpus tensions on dosing and pharmacokinetics are limited to a single source, so no pairwise disagreements can be surfaced for this outcome class. By contrast, the broader corpus places cardiometabolic, body composition, and glycemic outcomes downstream of the PK envelope that Schneck 2024 establishes, and the indirectness flag functions as the integration point rather than as a contradiction. The PK finding of sustained exposure therefore reads as a permissive upstream condition rather than as direct longevity evidence, consistent with the integrating thesis that mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_30", "text": "The corpus contains a single observational cohort study, Zietek 2016, that directly frames inflammation as a convergence point between metabolic disease and enteroendocrine biology. The study population is described as adults, and the design is observational rather than interventional, which constrains causal inference about GLP-1 signaling on inflammatory endpoints. The cited thesis foregrounds enteroendocrine cells (EEC) as a numerically sparse but hormonally rich compartment, noting they comprise approximately only 1% of the epithelium yet secrete more than 20 different peptide hormones. This anatomical and quantitative baseline establishes the cellular substrate from which downstream immune and metabolic effects of GLP-1 are hypothesized to propagate. No effect direction is recorded for inflammatory endpoints in the source, consistent with a null designation at the level of direct measurement.", "type": "claim"}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1155/jobe/3442754", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_1", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Weight Loss Efficacy of Tirzepatide Compared to Placebo or GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Adults With Obesity or Overweight: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials With ≥ 20 Weeks Treatment Duration", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jobe/3442754", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12933-023-01800-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_2", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Time-dependent effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on cardiovascular benefits: a real-world study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-023-01800-z", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12933-025-02915-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_3", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Real-world cardiovascular effectiveness of sustained glucagon-like peptide 1 GLP-1 receptor agonist usage in type 2 diabetes", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-025-02915-1", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2024.100283", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_4", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effectiveness of a hybrid approach in integrating GLP-1 agonists and lifestyle guidance for obesity and pre-diabetes management: RWE retrospective study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2024.100283", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1177/17562864241281903", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_5", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality under treatment with GLP-1 RAs or the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in overweight or obese adults without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/17562864241281903", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12933-021-01366-8", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_6", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "GLP-1 receptor agonists and cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis of eight CVOTs", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01366-8", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-022-00970-2", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_7", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Association of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists with cardiac arrhythmias in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-022-00970-2", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12933-022-01474-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_8", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The effect of DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors on cardiorenal outcomes: a network meta-analysis of 23 CVOTs", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01474-z", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12872-025-05455-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_9", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "SGLT2 inhibitors versus GLP-1 receptor agonists for major adverse cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-05455-4", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12933-025-02866-7", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_10", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Impact of changes in conventional risk factors induced by once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes: an EXSCEL post hoc analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-025-02866-7", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40620-023-01858-8", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_11", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Absolute treatment effects of novel antidiabetic drugs on a composite renal outcome: meta-analysis of digitalized individual patient data", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-023-01858-8", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/2022/6820377", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_12", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Potential Roles of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in Nondiabetic Populations", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6820377", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1002/psp4.13099", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_13", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/psp4.13099", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12933-022-01572-y", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_14", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effectiveness and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus SGLT-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: an Italian cohort study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01572-y", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.2196/48586", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_15", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The Impact of Web-Based Continuing Medical Education Using Patient Simulation on Real-World Treatment Selection in Type 2 Diabetes: Retrospective Case-Control Analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/48586", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.2337/dc20-1815", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_16", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "HbA 1c Change and Diabetic Retinopathy During GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Cardiovascular Outcome Trials: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1815", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/children12121716", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_17", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Real-World Use of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide in Adolescents with Obesity: A First Longitudinal Single-Center Analysis from Switzerland †", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/children12121716", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1080/20565623.2025.2483607", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_18", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The multifaceted effects of semaglutide: exploring its broad therapeutic applications", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/20565623.2025.2483607", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1080/07853890.2026.2660386", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_19", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "GLP-1 receptor agonists in stroke prevention: a narrative review on emerging therapeutic frontiers", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2660386", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2022.925377", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_20", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "GLP-1 receptor agonist-associated tumor adverse events: A real-world study from 2004 to 2021 based on FAERS", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.925377", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3389/fendo.2022.1007980", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_21", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Risk of stroke and retinopathy during GLP-1 receptor agonist cardiovascular outcome trials: An eight RCTs meta-analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1007980", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3389/fcvm.2024.1453297", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_22", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Comparison of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists vs. placebo on any cardiovascular events in overweight or obese non-diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2024.1453297", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41380-024-02498-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_23", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Association of semaglutide with reduced incidence and relapse of cannabis use disorder in real-world populations: a retrospective cohort study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02498-5", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1210/jendso/bvae163.019", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_24", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "12608 Preserving Lean Body Mass During Weight Loss In Elderly Obese Patients With Glp-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvae163.019", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1503/cmaj.250591", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_25", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Cost-effectiveness of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for patients with high cardiovascular risk and type 2 diabetes in Canada", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.250591", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0308533", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_26", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events after glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist initiation in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and type 2 diabetes: A population-based study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308533", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1097/MD.0000000000039799", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_27", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "GLP-1 receptor agonist–induced diabetic ketoacidosis: A case report", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000039799", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1210/jendso/bvaf149.039", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_28", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "MON-701 A case which GLP 1 receptor agonist semaglutide enabled the management of both obesity and diabetes mellitus, suggesting the potential for diabetes remission", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvaf149.039", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fonc.2024.1392375", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_29", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "GLP-1 receptor agonist as an effective treatment for breast cancer-related lymphedema: a case report", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1392375", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-021-00698-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_30", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Heterogeneity amongst GLP-1 RA cardiovascular outcome trials results: can definition of established cardiovascular disease be the missing link?", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-021-00698-5", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1177/23969873241234238", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_31", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and stroke associated with treatment with GLP-1 or the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873241234238", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1101/2024.01.29.24301971", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_32", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists modestly reduced blood pressure among patients with and without diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis and meta-regression", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.29.24301971", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1093/geroni/igab046.803", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_33", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Monitoring the Comparative Safety of SGLT2i vs GLP-1 RA in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes by Frailty Status", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.803", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1002/edm2.70165", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_34", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "A Nationwide Danish Comparative Effectiveness Study of GLP‐1 RA, SGLT2i and DPP‐4i Treatment on Risk of Stroke, Myocardial Infarction and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.70165", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.47363/jdrr/2026(8)211", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_35", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual/Triple Incretin Therapies on Cardiometabolic Outcomes Beyond Glycemic Control: Evidence from Recent Randomized Trials", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.47363/jdrr/2026(8)211", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1093/omcr/omaf283", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_36", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Unmasking an insulinoma: recurrent Hypoglycemia in a young patient following GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy —A case report", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/omcr/omaf283", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14040743", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_37", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Integrating GLP-1 Receptor Agonists into Modern Stroke Prevention: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Consideration—A Narrative Review", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14040743", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/biomedicines13112645", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_38", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Employing an Artificial Intelligence Platform to Enhance Treatment Responses to GLP-1 Agonists by Utilizing Metabolic Variability Signatures Based on the Constrained Disorder Principle", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13112645", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.ajpc.2026.101418", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_39", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Addressing patient concerns about the ‘newness’ and long-term safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists: A clinician’s guide to counseling", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2026.101418", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fendo.2025.1754925", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_40", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Potential application of mono-, dual-, and triple-target GLP-1 receptor agonists in improving the prognosis of patients with diabetic foot ulcers", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1754925", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fmed.2026.1752341", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_41", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "GLP-1/GIP dual agonist tirzepatide in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: mechanisms, evidence, and clinical perspectives", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1752341", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1097/MD.0000000000044917", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_42", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "New developments in GLP-1 agonist therapy for gestational diabetes: Systematic review on liraglutide, semaglutide, and exenatide from ClinicalTrials.gov", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000044917", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/pharmaceutics18050620", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_43", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Diabetes Mellitus and Stroke: Pathophysiological Connections and Therapeutic Potential of GLP-1 and GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18050620", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12933-020-01154-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_44", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Worldwide inertia to the use of cardiorenal protective glucose-lowering drugs (SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA) in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-020-01154-w", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_45", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The Effect of Oral Semaglutide on Bone Turnover in Patients With T2D: a Randomized Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1530/JOE-24-0046", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_46", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "GLP-1 receptor agonist-based therapies and cardiovascular risk: a review of mechanisms", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-24-0046", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_47", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "GLP-1 RAs in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_48", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The Effect of Semaglutide on Bone Turnover in Patients With Increased Risk of Bone Fracture", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.4093/dmj.2018.0070", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_49", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Asian Subpopulations May Exhibit Greater Cardiovascular Benefit from Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists: A Meta-Analysis of Cardiovascular Outcome Trials", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0070", "year": 2018}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_50", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Randomisation to Endobarrier Alone Versus With Incretin Analogue in SustainEd Diabesity (REVISE-Diabesity)", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": 2017}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1177/2042018819865398", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_51", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The incretin pathway as a therapeutic target in diabetic kidney disease: a clinical focus on GLP-1 receptor agonists", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018819865398", "year": 2019}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2016.00154", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_52", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Inflammation Meets Metabolic Disease: Gut Feeling Mediated by GLP-1", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00154", "year": 2016}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_53", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_54", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_55", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Directional signal** is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_56", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_57", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Randomisation to Endobarrier Alone 2017", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_58", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "PCOS 2022", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_59", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of Oral Semaglutide 2026", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_60", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of Semaglutide on Bone 2022", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.1001/jama.2010.1923", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_61", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Studenski 2011", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1923", "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_62", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "WHO 2000", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.1093/ageing/afy169", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_63", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Cruz-Jentoft 2019", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169", "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_64", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Ioannidis 2005", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124", "year": null}], "publication_id": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b", "screening": {"excluded": 0, "exclusion_reasons": ["No PRISMA full-text exclusion-stage filter was applied."], "flow": ["identified", "screened", "excluded_with_reasons", "included"], "identified": 52, "included": 52, "included_or_retained": 52, "screened": 52, "wording": "52 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. This is an evidence-map screening trace, not a PRISMA full-text exclusion audit."}}
metadata
{
"researka_object_type": "publication_sidecar",
"researka_publication_id": "2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b",
"researka_submission_id": "55294f57-700e-484d-8893-908a24c86e60",
"sidecar_name": "claim_graph.json",
"sidecar_url": "https://api.researka.org/publications/2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b/sidecars/claim_graph.json"
}