source · application/json
source_47a4a67ccb7b4129
sha256 af0396450ce78ceeb3b2d2ab82f41e4d2915acd4c4909451a38a28f6e27eb060
by researka:v2 · 2026-07-02 20:19:07.763556+04:00
{"publication_id": "a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906", "traces": [{"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "Evidence-honesty note: 54/85 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.", "claim_id": "claim_1"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "Resistance training is widely promoted across the lifespan for preserving muscle mass, strength, mobility, and metabolic health, yet the empirical record on its effects remains heterogeneous, with positive, null, and negative signals co-existing across age groups and clinical populations.", "claim_id": "claim_2"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis with an explicit audit trail, organizing 85 curated primary studies and reviews by study design, outcome class, and directness, while keeping direct, indirect, and review-level evidence in separate tiers to avoid cross-domain conflation.", "claim_id": "claim_3"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "Across the corpus, the synthesis supports resistance training as a generally effective strategy for muscle strength and physical function in older adults, with effect sizes that are quantitatively meaningful even when they fall below the 0.1 m/s gait-speed threshold (Perera 2006), but the cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and bone endpoints remain too inconsistent across studies to support universal clinical claims.", "claim_id": "claim_4"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_5"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "This synthesis evaluates evidence on resistance training effects across 85 included source papers and 5556 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.", "claim_id": "claim_6"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "The corpus contains 31 direct clinical sources, 53 adjacent, review, or context sources, and 1 mechanistic or model-system source. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_7"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation.", "claim_id": "claim_8"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.", "claim_id": "claim_9"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof.", "claim_id": "claim_10"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.", "claim_id": "claim_11"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints.", "claim_id": "claim_12"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.", "claim_id": "claim_13"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint.", "claim_id": "claim_14"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge.", "claim_id": "claim_15"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "The background evidence for resistance training effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Lai 2025, Pan 2025, Biersteker 2026 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as Hosseini 2026, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation.", "claim_id": "claim_16"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.", "claim_id": "claim_17"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the muscle function, contextual adjacent evidence and frailty outcome classes; null signals around the muscle function, contextual adjacent evidence, skeletal, fracture, and bone outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the muscle function and cardiometabolic outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation.", "claim_id": "claim_18"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w"}], "claim": "The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.", "claim_id": "claim_19"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol 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