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sha256 e9d0b4a32931e818ee30cc4b86de9a06dec39c5149e8477489f13a906abb3049
by researka:v2 · 2026-06-22 19:09:05.815839+04:00
{"publication_id": "acabcce2-ac21-4864-91c4-99a1a7044d1a", "traces": [{"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "This paper synthesizes evidence on Hydrogen water across 36 accepted source papers and 1197 high-confidence extracted claims.", "claim_id": "claim_1"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "The evidence profile contains 1 direct clinical source, 13 adjacent clinical sources, and 22 mechanistic or model-system sources, with 55 cross-study disagreements across the evidence base.", "claim_id": "claim_2"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Positive study-level signals are summarized in the mechanism, immune and inflammation outcome classes, null signals in the contextual adjacent evidence, mechanism, immune and inflammation outcome classes, and negative signals in no dominant outcome class. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "claim_id": "claim_3"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "The conclusion is that Hydrogen water remains a bounded geroscience case: the retained clinical and mechanistic evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified anti-aging claim.", "claim_id": "claim_4"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint.", "claim_id": "claim_5"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge.", "claim_id": "claim_6"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "This synthesis evaluates evidence on Hydrogen water across 36 included source papers and 1197 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, indirect interventional hard-endpoint evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.", "claim_id": "claim_7"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "The corpus contains 1 direct clinical source, 13 adjacent clinical sources, and 22 mechanistic or model-system sources. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_8"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "The thesis is: Across 36 curated reference papers, the evidence base for Hydrogen shows a context-dependent profile. Positive signals appear in: mechanism, immune inflammation. Null findings dominate: contextual other, mechanism. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The Hydrogen anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established. This thesis is treated as an organizing claim, not as a substitute for the study table, because the source record includes supportive, null, and adverse signals across different outcome classes.", "claim_id": "claim_9"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.", "claim_id": "claim_10"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof.", "claim_id": "claim_11"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.", "claim_id": "claim_12"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints.", "claim_id": "claim_13"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.", "claim_id": "claim_14"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Several methodological questions are common to the Hydrogen evidence base and are not yet resolved. First, the corpus reports a substantial indirectness gap between the most direct human RCT (Moribe 2024) and the wider set of reviews and observational pilots (Dhillon 2024; Li 2024; Jamialahmadi 2024; Noor 2023; Sim 2020; Zhou 2024; Mao 2024; Hong 2021; Hruby 2025; Zhang 2025), so that any pooled narrative must keep direct and indirect evidence visually separated. Second, there is a recurrent mechanism-versus-clinical tension: positive mechanistic signals in rodent and zebrafish models (Igarashi 2022; Artemieva 2026; Deus 2023) coexist with null mechanistic findings in other models (Zhao 2023; Koga 2024; Zhang 2024) and with predominantly null or modest human biomarker effects (Li 2024; Moribe 2024), which is consistent with the broader methodological caution that surrogate associations do not guarantee hard-outcome validity (Ioannidis 2005). Third, the corpus shows substantial internal disagreement on mechanism endpoints — for example, Igarashi 2022 reports a positive effect on retinal mechanism whereas Martinez-Martel 2024, Koga 2024, Zhang 2024, Alharbi 2021, Chang 2021, and Botek 2022 report null or mixed results on related mechanistic outcomes — and the synthesis treats these as unresolved tensions rather than averaging them away. Fourth, treatment duration, daily exposure volume, and concurrent interventions (training, metformin in diabetic rats, photobiomodulation) vary widely across studies, so that cross-trial comparison is itself a methodological problem. Finally, the boundary conditions under which Hydrogen might plausibly contribute to healthy longevity — which age groups, which baseline oxidative/inflammatory load, and which co-interventions — remain to be established by adequately powered, long-duration human trials with clinically meaningful endpoints.", "claim_id": "claim_15"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "claim_id": "claim_16"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "claim_id": "claim_17"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, immune and inflammation, mechanism, muscle function, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "claim_id": "claim_18"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "claim_id": "claim_19"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "claim_id": "claim_20"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "claim_id": "claim_21"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=11; claims=342 | no extracted directional signal in 9/11 sources | 1 direct; 4 indirect; 1 protocol; 5 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_22"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Contextual Adjacent Evidence: n=11; claims=342; no extracted directional signal in 9/11 sources | directness: 1 direct; 4 indirect; 5 review; 1 protocol; main limitation: directionally heterogeneous.", "claim_id": "claim_23"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "The cardiometabolic evidence base for hydrogen-rich water is anchored by a single preclinical study in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model (Retnaningtyas 2022). Thirty male Wistar rats were randomized across five arms: a normal control, diabetic rats receiving vehicle, diabetic rats receiving metformin at 45 mg/kg body weight, diabetic rats receiving metformin plus hydrogen-rich water, and diabetic rats receiving hydrogen-rich water alone. Translational relevance to humans remains uncertain. The endpoint of interest was circulating insulin level, and the comparator structure permitted isolation of hydrogen-water effects against both vehicle and standard-of-care backgrounds. The design and dose structure provide a defined mechanistic substrate for downstream interpretation.", "claim_id": "claim_24"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "In animal/preclinical evidence, on the insulin endpoint, the source indicates a statistically significant improvement with hydrogen-rich water therapy at P < 0.05 (Retnaningtyas 2022). The source reports an effect direction of null for the overall cardiometabolic class. The exact numeric pattern reported in the source is preserved here without extrapolation, and the evidence synthesis (Per-Study Endpoint Evidence) carries the study-by-study breakdown for cross-reference. No additional cardiometabolic sources were available in the corpus to corroborate or contest this finding.", "claim_id": "claim_25"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Within the cardiometabolic outcome class, the corpus contains only one source (Retnaningtyas 2022), which limits the ability to name disagreements by source pair. The picked thesis notes that null findings dominate the contextual-other and mechanism classes overall, but for cardiometabolic specifically the only available source reports a significant p-value on insulin while the class-level effect direction is recorded as null — a tension the prose surfaces by distinguishing the per-endpoint signal from the class-level summary. This is consistent with the thesis framing that mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, since no clinical RCT source is available in the cardiometabolic slice. The boundary conditions for translating the rodent insulin signal to human cardiometabolic endpoints therefore remain to be established.", "claim_id": "claim_26"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Across the curated hydrogen-water corpus, the only directness-tagged primary clinical trial is Moribe 2024, a 3-month randomized controlled trial of electrolyzed hydrogen water in Japanese adults with metabolic syndrome or pre-metabolic syndrome, with waist-circumference-based diagnostic criteria applied per the Japanese national standard; the report registers P < 0.05 as the single reported threshold and the trial functions as the only A1-anchored human efficacy signal in the set. Moribe 2024 is the lone direct, non-protocol entry, and the remaining 10 sources are classified as indirect, review, or protocol, which immediately constrains how the body of evidence can be integrated.", "claim_id": "claim_27"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Quantitative signals are scattered across mechanistic and indirect human studies. The full per-study × per-endpoint mapping is summarized in the evidence synthesis so individual tuples are not restated here.", "claim_id": "claim_28"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "Within the curated corpus, dosing and pharmacokinetic data for hydrogen water derive primarily from a single human exercise pharmacology study and supporting mechanistic work, with Alharbi 2022 representing the central human exposure dataset. The study enrolled ten healthy, trained subjects in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design and administered a single dose of H2-rich calcium powder (HCP) during high-intensity intermittent exercise, with downstream ergogenic and biochemical endpoints collected across the protocol. The dosing pharmacokinetics outcome class is therefore anchored to a small-n human study rather than a multi-dose pharmacokinetic curve, which constrains the inferential reach of the available data. Effect direction is null at the outcome-class level in the corpus, indicating that any pharmacokinetic signal is currently reported as a neutral exposure profile rather than a dose-response gradient.", "claim_id": "claim_29"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472", "study": "Molecular hydrogen reduces dermatitis-induced itch, diabetic itch and cholestatic itch by inhibiting spinal oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity via SIRT1-β-catenin pathway in mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103472"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8", "study": "Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17903-8"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882", "study": "Effects of 8 days intake of hydrogen-rich water on muscular endurance performance and fatigue recovery during resistance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882"}, {"doi": "10.3390/ijms25020973", "study": "Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020973"}, {"doi": "10.3390/biomedicines14030494", "study": "Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14030494"}], "claim": "The cross-endpoint distribution shows that most contrasts reach conventional significance, while two comparisons (P = 0.059 and P > 0.05) remain in the equivocal band, consistent with the null effect direction recorded at the outcome-class level. Because the trial exposes each trained subject to only a single dose in the crossover sequence, these p-values describe acute post-exercise response patterns rather than steady-state plasma H2 concentrations or elimination kinetics. the evidence synthesis lists each p-value beside the corresponding ergogenic or physiological endpoint to preserve the within-study mapping that this paragraph summarizes.", "claim_id": "claim_30"}]}
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