Derivation Web

source_6cc1ac1e46e34b3f

by researka:v2 · 2026-07-14 18:31:26.835215+04:00

{"publication_id": "55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea", "traces": [{"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "Evidence-honesty note: 11/15 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.", "claim_id": "claim_1"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis of 15 curated reference papers, linking each source to study design, outcome class, and directness to maintain an audit trail from primary findings to the integrating claim.", "claim_id": "claim_2"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_3"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "This synthesis evaluates evidence on resistance training (RT) effects across 15 included source papers and 1311 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.", "claim_id": "claim_4"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "The corpus contains 4 direct clinical sources, 11 adjacent, review, or context sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_5"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation.", "claim_id": "claim_6"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.", "claim_id": "claim_7"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof.", "claim_id": "claim_8"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.", "claim_id": "claim_9"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints.", "claim_id": "claim_10"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.", "claim_id": "claim_11"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint.", "claim_id": "claim_12"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge.", "claim_id": "claim_13"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "The background evidence for resistance training (RT) effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Piralaiy 2025, Nezhad 2024, Ramezani 2026 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as the retained evidence base, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation.", "claim_id": "claim_14"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.", "claim_id": "claim_15"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the contextual adjacent evidence outcome class; null signals around the muscle function, dosing and pharmacokinetics, safety and comorbidity outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the cardiometabolic outcome class. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation.", "claim_id": "claim_16"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.", "claim_id": "claim_17"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support.", "claim_id": "claim_18"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "claim_id": "claim_19"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "claim_id": "claim_20"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, frailty, immune and inflammation, muscle function, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "claim_id": "claim_21"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "claim_id": "claim_22"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "| Evidence domain | Source | Direction | Directness | Tier | Evidence role | Finding |", "claim_id": "claim_23"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | Lv 2026: Additional treatment strategies for hypothyroidism: a network meta-analysis | direction=unclear | directness=review | B2 | outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear | finding=14 extracted claim(s); source-level direction is the coded finding |", "claim_id": "claim_24"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | Martini 2026: No Differences in Muscular Adaptations to Long‐Term Resistance Training Between Young Strict Vegetarian and Non‐Vegetarian Women | direction=unclear | directness=indirect | B2 | outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear | finding=representative statistic P < 0.001; source-level statistic reported |", "claim_id": "claim_25"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | Tan 2026: Effects of different training on lower limb explosive power in youth soccer players: a systematic review and network meta-analysis | direction=mixed | directness=review | B2 | outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=mixed | finding=representative non-significant statistic P = 0.098; not treated as positive or negative directional support unless source direction is coded |", "claim_id": "claim_26"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/jdr/9922344", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475"}], "claim": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | Ucar 2025: Short-term resistance training enhances functional and physiological markers in older women: implications for biomechanical and health interventions in aging | direction=positive | directness=indirect | B2 | outcome=Biomarker/Adjacent Evidence; 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