source · application/json
source_74a28f3a777e49a8
sha256 e90c41a2055323d51b1615b7871b23a04e1d7c679f763a75d25ed8a602c9fca5
by researka:v2 · 2026-06-25 02:24:37.181598+04:00
{"publication_id": "3db23bf9-1a8b-494f-8560-9beecc746fac", "traces": [{"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "This synthesis tests the thesis that evidence for Sauna bathing is context-dependent, separating outcome-specific signals from broader claims and identifying the evidence gaps that should bound interpretation.", "claim_id": "claim_1"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "Evidence-honesty note: 21/24 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.", "claim_id": "claim_2"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "This paper synthesizes evidence on Sauna bathing across 24 included source papers and 457 high-confidence extracted claims.", "claim_id": "claim_3"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "The evidence profile contains 3 direct clinical sources, 21 adjacent clinical sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence, with 66 cross-study disagreements across the evidence base.", "claim_id": "claim_4"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "Positive study-level signals are summarized in the cognitive outcome class; null signals are summarized in the contextual adjacent evidence, longevity, muscle function, and safety and comorbidity outcome classes; negative signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; mixed or heterogeneous signals are summarized in the cardiometabolic and immune and inflammation outcome classes. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "claim_id": "claim_5"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "The conclusion is that Sauna bathing should be treated as a bounded geroscience hypothesis: the retained clinical and adjacent evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified anti-aging claim.", "claim_id": "claim_6"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "This manuscript is reported as a Thin-corpus evidence brief. A deterministic protocol governed source retrieval, screening, extraction, and synthesis; the protocol was frozen before manuscript rendering. The full audit trail is in the supplementary `methods_pack.json` and the timestamped submission directory `synthesis-sauna_heat_therapy-v06-DAILY-2026-06-24T21-58-14Z`.", "claim_id": "claim_7"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "claim_id": "claim_8"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "claim_id": "claim_9"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, cognitive, contextual adjacent evidence, immune and inflammation, longevity, muscle function, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "claim_id": "claim_10"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "claim_id": "claim_11"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "claim_id": "claim_12"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "claim_id": "claim_13"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=6; claims=232 | no extracted directional signal in 4/6 sources | 1 direct; 5 indirect | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_14"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate.", "claim_id": "claim_15"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "6 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=4, unclear=2. Directness coding: direct=1, indirect=5.", "claim_id": "claim_16"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "3 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2, unclear=1. Directness coding: indirect=2, review=1.", "claim_id": "claim_17"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: review=1.", "claim_id": "claim_18"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1.", "claim_id": "claim_19"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "Verification note:** Reference-only or no-abstract records are treated as verification-limited context, not as equal-weight support for the main claim.", "claim_id": "claim_20"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "The curated corpus is dominated by Finnish and Northern-European prospective cohorts (e. For example, Laukkanen 2018, Kunutsor 2022, Knekt 2020, Engstrom 2024) and by acute-physiology crossover or pilot studies (Gravel 2019, Szafraniec 2025, Kunutsor 2018), with only a handful of randomized trials (Lee 2022, Lee 2025, Hussain 2022, Radtke 2016, Flynn 2023,, Effect of a Four-Week Extreme 2025). No long-term, hard-endpoint mortality RCT in non-diabetic adults is represented, so any inference linking sauna exposure to longevity rests on indirect, observational signals rather than a randomized test of the claim. Readers should treat absence of a trial class as absence of evidence, not as evidence of absence.", "claim_id": "claim_21"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "Several outcome claims in this synthesis are supported by a single source and therefore cannot be triangulated within the corpus. The cognitive-endpoint signal (Passive Heat Therapy 2023, Fluid Cognition Composite P = 0.03) is the only direct cognitive finding, and the muscle-function claim (Effect of a Four-Week Extreme 2025, 1RM squat P < 0.05) likewise rests on one trial. Conclusions drawn from any single source can be interpreted as single-trial estimates whose magnitude, direction, and population fit have not been independently replicated in the curated evidence base.", "claim_id": "claim_22"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "Several clinically relevant claims are supported only by mechanistic or biomarker-level evidence rather than by event-driven human data. Heat-stress cellular protection (Brunt 2018), endothelial hypoxia–reoxygenation rescue, and exercise-mimetic comparisons (Hussain 2022, where physiological responses differed between 45-min infrared sauna and exercise at P < 0.0005) provide plausibility but cannot be substituted for clinical outcome trials. The cognitive benefit reported by Passive Heat Therapy 2023 (P = 0.03) and the cardiometabolic improvements summarized across reviews (Brunt 2016; Passive Heat Therapy 2019, reporting a roughly 10 mmHg SBP reduction in older adults) have not been bridged to a randomized, adequately powered trial with incident-dementia or major-adverse-cardiovascular-event endpoints. Until such trials exist, the mechanistic-to-clinic gap remains the principal ceiling on any causal or quantitative claim derived from this corpus.", "claim_id": "claim_23"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "For Sauna bathing, the final interpretation is deliberately tiered: the retained clinical and adjacent evidence profile defines a bounded geroscience rationale, but the corpus does not support treating mechanistic target engagement, intermediate biomarkers, and patient-relevant outcomes as interchangeable evidence. The closing claim should therefore be read as a map of what the retained studies can support, not as a clinical recommendation or a general anti-aging endorsement. Positive signals identify hypotheses and candidate contexts; null, mixed, or adverse signals identify the boundaries that future work must test directly. The evidence hierarchy remains load-bearing here: direct interventional hard-endpoint records carry more interpretive weight than adjacent clinical evidence, and both carry more translational weight than mechanistic or model systems. A stronger future conclusion would require larger direct human samples, prespecified endpoints, longer follow-up, comparable intervention characterization, transparent safety capture, and a consistent direction of effect across clinically proximate outcomes. Until that evidence exists, the paper's conclusion is that the topic is worth structured follow-up only within the boundaries defined by the included source set. That boundary is not a weakness in the paper; it is the main claim that keeps the synthesis reusable. Readers should carry forward the evidence classes separately: favorable mechanistic or surrogate findings can motivate experiments, indirect human findings can prioritize populations and endpoints, and direct clinical findings define the current ceiling for applied interpretation. The current corpus may support Sauna bathing as a general health or lifestyle intervention where otherwise indicated, but does not justify marketing it as a standalone geroprotective or anti-aging intervention with proven hard-longevity effects. Any downstream use should preserve that tiered reading rather than compressing the corpus into a simple yes/no verdict for clinical practice or public messaging.", "claim_id": "claim_24"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "This synthesis maps 24 included sources on Sauna Heat Therapy across 7 outcome classes and 66 cross-study disagreements. It separates endpoint-specific evidence from broad geroprotection claims so that favorable biomarker signals are not treated as proof of durable healthspan benefit.", "claim_id": "claim_25"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "Across 24 curated reference papers, the evidence base for Sauna shows a context-dependent profile. Positive signals appear in cardiometabolic and cognitive outcomes. Negative signals appear in cardiometabolic and immune outcomes. Null findings dominate contextual other and longevity outcomes. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The Sauna anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established.", "claim_id": "claim_26"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "Prior reviews in the corpus (Brunt 2016, Passive Heat Therapy 2023, Behzadi 2020, Passive Heat Therapy 2019, Sauna Bathing as an Alternative 2023) emphasize convergent signals on Sauna Heat Therapy. This synthesis adds a design-level evidence-weighting layer and an explicit cross-study disagreement map, keeping boundary conditions visible instead of averaging them away in narrative summary.", "claim_id": "claim_27"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "| Evidence domain | Direct sources | Indirect / mechanism sources | Direction profile | Interpretation boundary |", "claim_id": "claim_28"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "| safety and comorbidity | 0 | 1 | null | direct interventional hard-endpoint gap |", "claim_id": "claim_29"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w"}, {"doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1"}, {"doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022"}], "claim": "| P1 | longevity: direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | 0 direct and 3 indirect sources; direction profile: null, unclear |", "claim_id": "claim_30"}]}
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