source · application/json
source_9c57154dfc704357
sha256 0e8a06f2cf4d7e61d7ef2409859e505b6cd59bdcdb15f38dcd69ab3a88a40c2c
by researka:v2 · 2026-06-06 00:45:53.176407+04:00
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Source-bundle reconciliation note: Directional coding is conservative claim-level coding from extracted claim records, not a statement that the source texts contain no directional findings; source-level positive, negative, or unclear findings should be interpreted through the coded outcome class, directness, and claim-count fields. The retained evidence has no direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence; indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic sources are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_2", "text": "The evidence profile contains no sources classified primarily as direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, 18 adjacent clinical sources, and 1 mechanistic or model-system source, with 86 cross-study disagreements across the evidence base.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_3", "text": "No single positive outcome class dominates the retained corpus; null signals cluster in the contextual adjacent evidence, longevity, immune and inflammation outcome classes, and negative signals cluster in no dominant outcome class. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_4", "text": "The conclusion is that longevity metabolism effects remains a bounded geroscience case: the retained clinical and adjacent evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified anti-aging claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_5", "text": "This manuscript is reported as a Evidence brief. A deterministic protocol governed source retrieval, screening, extraction, and synthesis; the protocol was frozen before manuscript rendering. The full audit trail is in the supplementary `methods_pack.json` and the timestamped submission directory `synthesis-longevity_metabolism_effects-v06-DAILY-2026-06-05T20-38-20Z`.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_6", "text": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias appraisal, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_7", "text": "Per-source risk-of-bias was rated using design-appropriate Cochrane RoB-2 (RCTs), ROBINS-I (non-randomised studies), and AMSTAR-2 (systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Ratings recorded in `risk_of_bias.json`.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_8", "text": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, frailty, immune and inflammation, longevity, skeletal, fracture, and bone); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_9", "text": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_10", "text": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_11", "text": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=13; claims=754 | no extracted directional signal in 12/13 sources | 10 indirect; 3 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_12", "text": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_13", "text": "This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_14", "text": "13 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: mixed=1, null=12. Directness coding: indirect=10, review=3.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_15", "text": "4 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=4. Directness coding: indirect=3, mechanistic=1.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_16", "text": "2 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1, unclear=1. Directness coding: indirect=1, review=1.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_17", "text": "2 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2. Directness coding: review=2.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_18", "text": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_19", "text": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_20", "text": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_21", "text": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_22", "text": "Verification note:** Reference-only or no-abstract records are treated as verification-limited context, not as equal-weight support for the main claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_23", "text": "Several outcome domains are supported by a single study within the corpus, precluding any internal replication check. Iron-metabolism and frailty associations draw on one cross-sectional analysis of community-dwelling older adults (Ma 2024), lactate-infusion effects on cognition and AD biomarkers derive from one acute-infusion protocol (Kemna 2025), and medium-chain triglyceride effects on gait-related skeletal-muscle glucose uptake rely on one longitudinal PET/CT cohort (Mutoh 2025). Single-trial findings therefore carry an inherently higher risk of chance findings, measurement artifacts, or idiosyncratic population effects that the corpus cannot independently adjudicate.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_24", "text": "For longevity metabolism effects, the final interpretation is deliberately tiered: the retained clinical and adjacent evidence profile defines a bounded geroscience rationale, but the corpus does not support treating mechanistic target engagement, intermediate biomarkers, and patient-relevant outcomes as interchangeable evidence. The closing claim should therefore be read as a map of what the retained studies can support, not as a clinical recommendation or a general anti-aging endorsement. Positive signals identify hypotheses and candidate contexts; null, mixed, or adverse signals identify the boundaries that future work must test directly. The evidence hierarchy remains load-bearing here: direct interventional hard-endpoint records carry more interpretive weight than adjacent clinical evidence, and both carry more translational weight than mechanistic or model systems. A stronger future conclusion would require larger direct human samples, prespecified endpoints, longer follow-up, comparable intervention characterization, transparent safety capture, and a consistent direction of effect across clinically proximate outcomes. Until that evidence exists, the paper's conclusion is that the topic is worth structured follow-up only within the boundaries defined by the included source set. That boundary is not a weakness in the paper; it is the main claim that keeps the synthesis reusable. Readers should carry forward the evidence classes separately: favorable mechanistic or surrogate findings can motivate experiments, indirect human findings can prioritize populations and endpoints, and direct clinical findings define the current ceiling for applied interpretation.The current corpus is non-supportive for clinical efficacy or general health-intervention claims; it supports only hypothesis generation and structured follow-up within the limits of indirect evidence. Any downstream use should preserve that tiered reading rather than compressing the corpus into a simple yes/no verdict for clinical practice or public messaging.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_25", "text": "This synthesis maps 25 included sources on Longevity Metabolism Effects across 8 outcome classes and 86 cross-study disagreements. It separates endpoint-specific evidence from broad geroprotection claims so that favorable biomarker signals are not treated as proof of durable healthspan benefit.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_26", "text": "Across 25 curated reference papers, the evidence base for Longevity Metabolism Effects shows a context-dependent profile. Null findings dominate: contextual other, longevity. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The Longevity Metabolism Effects anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_27", "text": "Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; the strongest unresolved contrast is the disagreement between Jung 2024 and Kurhaluk 2024 on contextual adjacent evidence (severity 4/5), which defines the boundary condition future studies must test rather than smooth over.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_28", "text": "Prior reviews in the corpus (Wei 2025) emphasize convergent signals on Longevity Metabolism Effects. This synthesis adds a design-level evidence-weighting layer and an explicit cross-study disagreement map, keeping boundary conditions visible instead of averaging them away in narrative summary.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_29", "text": "| Evidence domain | Direct sources | Indirect / mechanism sources | Direction profile | Interpretation boundary |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_30", "text": "| cardiometabolic | 0 | 2 | null, unclear | direct interventional hard-endpoint gap |", "type": "claim"}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1007/s11357-025-01839-8", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_1", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of resistance-based training and polyphenol supplementation on physical function, metabolism, and inflammation in aging individuals", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-025-01839-8", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.7717/peerj.20146", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_2", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effectiveness of multi-component exercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20146", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2025.1575580", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_3", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Exercise interventions of ≥8 weeks improve body composition, physical function, metabolism, and inflammation in older adults with stage I sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1575580", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1113/EP093162", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_4", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acute systemic and energy metabolism responses to velocity‐based resistance training following an oral glucose load in individuals with excess body weight", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/EP093162", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3389/fendo.2026.1784917", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_5", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Lipid biomarkers for the prediction of type 2 diabetes risk, an umbrella review and updated meta-analyses of prospective observational studies", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1784917", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1002/jcsm.13527", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_6", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Association between myosteatosis and impaired glucose metabolism: A deep learning whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging population phenotyping approach", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13527", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-13434-0", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_7", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Periodontal health intervention for oral health-related outcomes in older type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized controlled trial in a Chinese tertiary hospital", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13434-0", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.2196/46385", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_8", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The Effect of Sleep on Metabolism, Musculoskeletal Disease, and Mortality in the General US Population: Analysis of Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/46385", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1002/alz.70984", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_9", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acute effects of lactate infusion on metabolism, AD biomarkers, and cognition: The LEAN study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.70984", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/insects13080725", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_10", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Adult Feeding Treatments on Longevity, Fecundity, Flight Ability, and Energy Metabolism Enzymes of Grapholita molesta Moths", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13080725", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1002/advs.202502027", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_11", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Leptin Aggravates Thoracic Aortic Dissection Through Impairment of Energy Metabolism in Nrip2 + Smooth Muscle Cells", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202502027", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2022.753264", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_12", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Mung Bean ( Vigna radiata L.) Source Leaf Adaptation to Shading Stress Affects Not Only Photosynthetic Physiology Metabolism but Also Control of Key Gene Expression", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.753264", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.2141/jpsa.2025010", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_13", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of betaine on growth performance, methionine metabolism, and methyl transfer in broilers aged 1 to 21 days and fed a low-methionine diet", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.2025010", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1080/19490976.2026.2677951", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_14", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Increasing plant protein sources in the diet modulates gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolism in men at cardiometabolic risk", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2026.2677951", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1097/MD.0000000000030049", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_15", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of resveratrol therapy on glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation, and renal function in the elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial protocol", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000030049", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1097/MD.0000000000039348", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_16", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Association of serum iron metabolism with muscle mass and frailty in older adults: A cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older adults", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000039348", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1080/15502783.2025.2581148", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_17", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The effects of time-restricted eating combined with Tai Chi on glycolipid metabolism and endothelial function in postmenopausal women", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2581148", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3389/fendo.2026.1748335", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_18", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of aerobic exercise on integrated cardiovascular health and energy metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1748335", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fmicb.2022.998095", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_19", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of heat stress on growth performance, carcass traits, serum metabolism, and intestinal microflora of meat rabbits", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.998095", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/nu17101707", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_20", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Medium-Chain Triglyceride Dietary Supplements Reduce Glucose Metabolism of Gait-Related Skeletal Muscle in Older Adults: A Longitudinal 18 F-FDG PET/CT Analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101707", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.2478/jvetres-2024-0064", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_21", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of a β-glucan-enriched diet on biomarkers of oxidative stress, energy metabolism and lysosomal function in muscle tissue of European grayling ( Thymallus thymallus L.)", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2024-0064", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.2196/81063", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_22", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Ketone Metabolism and Immunoregulation in Premenopausal Women: Protocol for a Pilot, Prospective, Single-Arm Dietary Intervention Study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2196/81063", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/nu16050653", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_23", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Function in Cardiovascular Diseases: What about Aging and Diet Effects?", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050653", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/cimb48030286", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_24", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "From Metabolism to Longevity: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Metformin’s Anticancer and Anti-Aging Effects", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48030286", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fcvm.2025.1625064", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_25", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Identification of arachidonic acid metabolism-related diagnostic markers in heart failure based on bioinformatics analysis and machine learning", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1625064", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_26", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_27", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_28", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Directional signal** is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_29", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.2337/dc24-S006", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_30", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "ADA 2024", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S006", "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_31", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "WHO 2000", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_32", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Anisimov 2008", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.1056/NEJMoa1504347", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_33", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Tancredi 2015", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1504347", "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_34", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Ioannidis 2005", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124", "year": null}], "publication_id": "439fc1a1-66aa-4252-a6f9-14ba1bb1860c", "screening": {"excluded": 0, "exclusion_reasons": ["No PRISMA full-text exclusion-stage filter was applied."], "flow": ["identified", "screened", "excluded_with_reasons", "included"], "identified": 25, "included": 25, "included_or_retained": 25, "screened": 25, "wording": "25 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. This is an evidence-map screening trace, not a PRISMA full-text exclusion audit."}}
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