Derivation Web

source_a2a7b44aec1145a7

by researka:v2 · 2026-06-27 08:24:24.848632+04:00

{"publication_id": "9cc65260-bc75-401b-be49-205b11c0f464", "traces": [{"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Evidence-honesty note: 46/55 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.", "claim_id": "claim_1"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Zone 2 training, characterized by sustained sub-lactate-threshold aerobic work, has attracted interest as a longevity-oriented modality, yet the comparative evidence base against moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) spans cardiometabolic, muscle-function, and contextual outcomes across more than 50 curated studies.", "claim_id": "claim_2"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Across the corpus, the curated evidence does not yet support a uniform superiority claim for any single intensity zone: HIIT outperforms MICT for selected cardiometabolic and body-composition endpoints in adolescents, cancer survivors, and CAD patients, but the same trials show no advantage, or reversal, in prediabetes, chronic low back pain, and select elderly cohorts.", "claim_id": "claim_3"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Because most context-specific signals rest on indirect or observational evidence and the few direct RCTs disagree on directional effect, the clinical case for Zone 2 training as an anti-aging intervention remains incomplete; mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed human data, and population-specific boundary conditions still need to be defined in adequately powered head-to-head trials.", "claim_id": "claim_4"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Evidence-abstraction note.** The 55 retained reference papers are not 55 independent primary clinical trials: 46 are review, indirect, mechanistic, or registered-protocol source-level summaries, and 9 are classified as direct interventional evidence. Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_5"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Population aging is reshaping the priorities of clinical medicine, and the question of whether healthspan can be meaningfully extended through scalable, low-burden interventions has moved to the center of the geroscience agenda. The clinical stakes are concrete: multi-morbidity accrues with age, polypharmacy is the rule rather than the exception in those over 65, and the marginal cost-effectiveness of adding yet another disease-specific drug diminishes as the count of accumulated conditions grows. Against this backdrop, attention has turned toward interventions that target aging biology itself rather than any single chronic disease. The premise is straightforward — if the rate of biological aging can be slowed, multiple downstream conditions might be postponed together, and the cumulative disability burden across a lifetime compressed. This synthesis takes that question seriously for one specific candidate intervention, Zone2, defined here as moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise delivered within a defined, ecologically accessible training band. The motivating concern is that the public-health case for any anti-aging therapy rests on evidence that is both mechanistically credible and translationally robust, and evidence suggests that for Zone2 the two halves of that equation have not yet been independently settled. The Zone2 question is therefore not whether exercise is healthful — that has been demonstrated across many populations — but whether this specific intensity-domain prescription, applied over realistic durations in heterogeneous adults, performs as an aging-targeted intervention with reproducible clinical benefits. The answer matters because Zone2 is one of the few candidate interventions that is essentially free, has no regulatory gatekeeping burden, and could plausibly be deployed at population scale if the evidence supports it.", "claim_id": "claim_6"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "The geroscience hypothesis underlying the present synthesis rests on the proposition that the major chronic diseases of late life share a finite set of upstream biological drivers — mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, cellular senescence, dysregulated nutrient sensing, and altered intercellular communication — and that modulating these drivers could in principle delay the onset of multiple age-related conditions simultaneously. Within this framework, exercise modalities such as Zone2 are positioned as candidate geroprotectors, alongside pharmacological candidates and dietary restriction mimetics, because they engage several of the same upstream pathways, including mitochondrial biogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory tone. The methodological question this raises is whether such mechanistic plausibility is sufficient evidence on which to base a public-health recommendation, or whether Zone2 must instead be evaluated on its own terms, against the same hard-outcome standards applied to any candidate anti-aging drug. The repurposing-versus-novel-development distinction is particularly sharp here: unlike newly developed geroprotectors that require de novo safety profiling and dose-finding, Zone2 draws on a substantial pre-existing behavioral and clinical safety base, but it also lacks the standardized dosing, quality-controlled delivery, and outcome standardization that a pharmaceutical development program would impose. Whether the lack of standardization constitutes an obstacle or a feature remains an open question, and one that the present evidence base for Zone2 is poorly positioned to resolve on its own. Importantly, the geroscience framing does not require that Zone2 reverse aging — only that it slow one or more measurable axes of biological or functional decline, and that this slowing be observable in human cohorts under realistic deployment conditions.", "claim_id": "claim_7"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Zone2 belongs to the broader drug class — using the term loosely for an intervention category — of exercise-based modalities, which in clinical research have historically been operationalized as moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) defined by a target heart-rate or oxygen-uptake band, typically delivered across 30-60 minute sessions and repeated two to four times per week. The mechanism most often invoked for Zone2 is enhancement of mitochondrial oxidative capacity, substrate oxidation efficiency, and capillary density in working skeletal muscle, with downstream effects on systemic cardiometabolic risk markers such as blood pressure, lipid profile, glycemic control, and cardiorespiratory fitness expressed as peak oxygen uptake. Regulatory and clinical history matter for the question at hand: exercise interventions sit outside the formal drug-approval pathway and have instead accumulated evidence through decades of small-to-medium physiological and rehabilitation studies, supplemented in recent years by larger trials in cardiac rehabilitation, type 2 diabetes management, cancer survivorship, and post-stroke recovery. Access is essentially universal, in the sense that no prescription is required, but adherence is notoriously variable and dose-response is poorly defined compared with pharmacological agents. The source-grounded reality is that the Zone2 literature is dominated by comparisons against higher-intensity alternatives such as high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training, not by dose-finding studies of Zone2 against a true no-intervention control or against lower-intensity comparators — a structural feature of the evidence base that complicates any clean estimate of Zone2's independent effect on aging biology. The question of whether Zone2 is the active therapeutic ingredient, or merely the convenient comparator arm against which more novel modalities are tested, has been proposed as a central interpretive challenge for the field.", "claim_id": "claim_8"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "The background evidence for Zone 2 training is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Liu 2026, Goncalves 2023, Goncalves 2024 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as the retained evidence base, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation.", "claim_id": "claim_9"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.", "claim_id": "claim_10"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic, safety and comorbidity outcome classes; null signals around the contextual adjacent evidence, safety and comorbidity, cardiometabolic outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the contextual adjacent evidence and cardiometabolic outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation.", "claim_id": "claim_11"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.", "claim_id": "claim_12"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support.", "claim_id": "claim_13"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "claim_id": "claim_14"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "claim_id": "claim_15"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, muscle function, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "claim_id": "claim_16"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "claim_id": "claim_17"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "claim_id": "claim_18"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "| Zone 2 training / Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=34; claims=3091 | significant source statistic in 30/34 sources; receipt-level direction coded unclear | 7 direct; 15 indirect; 1 protocol; 11 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_19"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "claim_id": "claim_20"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Contextual Adjacent Evidence: n=34; claims=3091; mixed signal in 15/34 sources | directness: 7 direct; 15 indirect; 11 review; 1 protocol; main limitation: directionally heterogeneous.", "claim_id": "claim_21"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "The cardiometabolic evidence corpus is anchored by a single direct clinical RCT and a dense cluster of indirect cohort data and reviews.", "claim_id": "claim_22"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Quantitative findings across the indirect cohort and review evidence are catalogued in detail in the evidence synthesis, which preserves every study × p-value tuple. B 2024, a systematic review of HIIT versus MICT on vascular function in 346 individuals with overweight and obesity, contributed no individual p-values but framed the indirect mechanistic substrate.", "claim_id": "claim_23"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Further cardiometabolic contrasts appear in Guo 2023, Li 2022b, Liang 2026, Li 2026, and the sedentary-blood-pressure-reactivity review (Effects of High-Intensity Interval 2025). Li 2026, focused on adults with prediabetes, contributed no p-values but concluded that MICT showed a small but statistically significant advantage over HIIT on cardiometabolic risk factors.", "claim_id": "claim_24"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Mechanistically, the cardiometabolic signal integrates directly measured clinical RCT evidence (Goncalves 2024) with mechanistic human studies (Zhang 2025a on metabolic flexibility, Sun 2024 on cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents) and preclinical-style indirect cohort and review data (B 2024, Liang 2024, Li 2025a, Guo 2023, Li 2022b, Liang 2026, Li 2026, Effects of High-Intensity Interval 2025), all consistent with vascular, metabolic, and blood-pressure pathways responsive to training intensity. Guo 2023 also conflicts with Effects of High-Intensity Interval 2025 (null), and Li 2022b (positive) conflicts with Effects of High-Intensity Interval 2025 (null), each at severity 4. The indirectness gap is recurrent: the direct clinical RCT Goncalves 2024 sits alongside nine indirect or review syntheses (Effects of High-Intensity Interval 2025, Guo 2023, Liang 2024, Sun 2024, B 2024, Zhang 2025a, Li 2025a, Liang 2026, Li 2026, Li 2022b), and these evidence layers can be interpreted as complementary rather than substitutive.", "claim_id": "claim_25"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "The 'contextual other' outcome class subsumes the heterogeneous cluster of cardiorespiratory, metabolic, body-composition, cognitive, and quality-of-life endpoints collected across the corpus, with the integrating RCT evidence concentrated in six trials. Liu 2026 randomized adolescents with overweight/obesity to high-intensity functional training versus moderate-intensity continuous training and reported multiple within-group p-values reaching P < 0.001, P = 0.013, P = 0.002, P = 0.037, P = 0.044, P = 0.689, P = 0.036, and P = 0.016, alongside between-condition contrasts of P = 0.069, P = 0.027, P = 0.023, P = 0.001, P = 0.117, P = 0.380, P = 0.530, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P = 0.009, P = 0.1, and P = 0.071 across body-composition, fitness, and psychological endpoints. The two studies establish that HIIT/MICT comparisons in direct RCT designs produce a mixture of clearly significant and clearly null within-condition contrasts even within a single trial, illustrating the granularity concealed by aggregate direction codes.", "claim_id": "claim_26"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Mechanistically, the contextual other evidence base spans clinical RCT, mechanistic human, and indirect observational streams that converge on aerobic, metabolic, and substrate-utilization pathways without producing a uniform direction. Across mechanistic human and indirect observational streams the picture is therefore one of overlapping but non-identical physiological signatures, with substrate oxidation, lactate handling, and lipidomic remodeling differentiating modalities while whole-body aerobic endpoints frequently converge.", "claim_id": "claim_27"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Within-corpus tensions on 'contextual other' are dense and must be read against effect direction and directness rather than collapsed to a single verdict. Neuendorf 2023 (positive review) and Peng 2025 (positive meta-analysis) agree with Rohmansyah 2023, while Chu 2026 (positive in healthy elderly) adds a third positive review-level signal; these three positive reviews sit against Gu 2023 (null in heart failure), Luo 2024 (null in overweight/obese), Feng 2025 (null in endurance runners), Ahmad 2025 (null protocol in prehabilitation), and Zhao 2025 (null in polycystic ovary syndrome), producing a high-severity null vs positive pattern across review-level evidence. By contrast, Neuendorf 2023 (positive) is in direct conflict with Gao 2025 (negative), and Peng 2025 (positive) conflicts with Gao 2025 (negative); Chu 2026 (positive) likewise conflicts with Li 2022a (negative), and Gao 2025 plus Li 2022a agree on a negative reading. Direct RCTs (Nikoletou 2023, Yu 2023b, Goncalves 2023, Goncalves 2025, Chen 2025, Liu 2026, Lapointe 2023) repeatedly diverge in effect direction from indirect or review-level signals on the same outcome class, so the 'contextual other' verdict cannot be resolved without stratifying by population, modality fidelity, and directness of endpoint.", "claim_id": "claim_28"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "Eight curated references populate the muscle function outcome class, spanning one direct clinical RCT, several systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and a mechanistic mitochondrial-dynamics study. Jung 2020, a randomized trial in adults, examined one year of free-living HIIT versus MICT on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and accelerometer-measured physical activity and reported a key between-group comparison at P = 0.018, providing the only direct-exercise-trial anchor for this outcome class. The remaining evidence base is dominated by pooled syntheses: Yu 2023a (NCT02916225), Zheng 2025, Li 2025b, Effects of High-intensity Interval 2023, B Compare the Effects 2025, Effectiveness of High-intensity Interval 2024, and Impact of Low-Volume High-Intensity 2024, each contributing indirect or review-level estimates of how interval versus continuous training modifies functional endpoints.", "claim_id": "claim_29"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Optimising adolescent health: a comparative study of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in sedentary male youth", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1655906"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training on functional performance and maximal oxygen uptake in comparison with moderate intensity continuous training in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08103-9"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function among individuals with overweight and obesity—a systematic review", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01586-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on weight and metabolic health in college students with obesity", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67331-z"}], "claim": "The quantitative findings are heterogeneous. Impact of Low-Volume High-Intensity 2024, restricted to postmenopausal women, reported predicted VO2max gains that were statistically and practically significant after HIIT (P = 0.01), with non-significant comparator effects (P > 0.05). B Compare the Effects 2025 found between-group superiority for MICT over Pilates in hypertensive patients, including VO2max mean difference = 8.62 ml/kg/min (P < 0.001). By contrast, Effects of High-intensity Interval 2023 in permanent/persistent atrial fibrillation patients showed clinically meaningful VO2max increases in only two HIIT participants (15.4%) and two MICT participants (20.0%), with the review narrative signaling a null overall pattern.", "claim_id": "claim_30"}]}

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