Derivation Web · source_ac17e9dd58b14437

source · application/json

source_ac17e9dd58b14437

sha256 2182996ce26c9510656ad115a530ab786de47c49d3ac847c63eeb55ce5b7c932

by researka:v2 · 2026-07-03 20:42:57.129907+04:00

{"publication_id": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "traces": [{"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "This paper synthesizes evidence on zinc supplementation effects across 32 accepted source papers and 1454 high-confidence extracted claims.", "claim_id": "claim_1"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "The evidence profile contains 4 direct clinical sources, 28 adjacent, review, or context sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence, with a high-density pairwise disagreement map across the evidence base.", "claim_id": "claim_2"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "Positive study-level signals are summarized in the immune and inflammation, longevity outcome classes, null signals in the contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, immune and inflammation outcome classes, and negative signals in the immune and inflammation, contextual adjacent evidence outcome classes. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "claim_id": "claim_3"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "The conclusion is that zinc supplementation effects remains a bounded evidence hypothesis: the retained direct, adjacent, and context evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any over-broad aging-related claim.", "claim_id": "claim_4"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint.", "claim_id": "claim_5"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "This synthesis evaluates evidence on zinc supplementation effects across 32 included source papers and 1454 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.", "claim_id": "claim_6"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "The corpus contains 4 direct clinical sources, 28 adjacent, review, or context sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_7"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation.", "claim_id": "claim_8"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.", "claim_id": "claim_9"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof.", "claim_id": "claim_10"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.", "claim_id": "claim_11"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints.", "claim_id": "claim_12"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.", "claim_id": "claim_13"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge.", "claim_id": "claim_14"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "The background evidence for zinc supplementation effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Barffour 2020, Baissary 2025, Wessells 2019 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as the retained evidence base, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation.", "claim_id": "claim_15"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.", "claim_id": "claim_16"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the immune and inflammation, longevity outcome classes; null signals around the contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, immune and inflammation outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the immune and inflammation, contextual adjacent evidence outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation.", "claim_id": "claim_17"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.", "claim_id": "claim_18"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted 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"not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "claim_id": "claim_20"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "claim_id": "claim_21"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, immune and inflammation, longevity, mortality and survival); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "claim_id": "claim_22"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "claim_id": "claim_23"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "claim_id": "claim_24"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy 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"url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "| Zinc Supplementation Effects / Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=9; claims=404 | significant source statistic in 8/9 sources; receipt-level direction coded unclear | 1 direct; 4 indirect; 4 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_26"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not 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"source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "Aging and geroscience context: 1 sources; significant source statistic in 1/1 sources; receipt-level direction coded null.", "claim_id": "claim_27"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not 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"endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "Contextual Adjacent Evidence: n=9; claims=404; mixed signal in 6/9 sources | directness: 1 direct; 4 indirect; 4 review; main limitation: directionally heterogeneous.", "claim_id": "claim_28"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "Two systematic reviews anchor the cardiometabolic evidence base for zinc supplementation, each pooling randomized controlled trials across heterogeneous populations. Jayawardena 2022 synthesized studies in prediabetes mellitus, while Khazdouz 2020 aggregated randomized controlled trials evaluating cardiometabolic risk factors more broadly. Both reviews summarize zinc delivered as an oral supplement, alone or in combination with other micronutrients, against comparators that varied across the included primary trials. The principal endpoints assessed were fasting and post-load glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and related metabolic indices. The two reviews together provide the principal human-evidence substrate for the cardiometabolic class within this corpus.", "claim_id": "claim_29"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_1", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_2", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018"}, {"directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_3", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_4", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4"}, {"directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "source_id": "source_5", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "support_kind": "candidate_source_row", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330"}], "claim": "Per-study endpoint detail, including additional p-values, dose ranges, and follow-up durations, is catalogued in the evidence synthesis (Per-Study Endpoint Evidence). The two reviews thus converge on the direction of glycemia-related benefit while differing in the precise effect-size metric.", "claim_id": "claim_30"}]}

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