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sha256 3b88141b4675853b15d8ee345a7e9cab4429c4f78821503629a532635fc8f963
by researka:v2 · 2026-06-12 16:20:34.857521+04:00
{"publication_id": "b1750150-b7b0-4272-9e1c-c6eaf8f52abc", "traces": [{"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "Evidence supporting IF as a direct anti-aging intervention in older adults remains incomplete: most included sources are review-level or indirect, mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed human-RCT findings, and key boundary conditions — protocol type, baseline cardiometabolic status, age stratum, and exercise co-intervention — have not been definitively established.", "claim_id": "claim_1"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "Evidence-abstraction note.** The 17 retained reference papers are not 17 independent primary clinical trials: 16 are review, indirect, or mechanistic source-level summaries, and 1 are classified as direct interventional evidence. Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_2"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "Evidence-honesty note: 16/17 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.", "claim_id": "claim_3"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "This paper synthesizes evidence on fasting intervention intermittent fasting effects across 17 included source papers and 1812 high-confidence extracted claims.", "claim_id": "claim_4"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "The evidence profile contains 1 direct clinical source, 2 adjacent clinical sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence, with 47 cross-study disagreements across the evidence base.", "claim_id": "claim_5"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "Positive study-level signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; null signals are summarized in the contextual adjacent evidence outcome class; negative signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; mixed or heterogeneous signals are summarized in the cardiometabolic, immune, and muscle function outcome classes. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "claim_id": "claim_6"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "The conclusion is that fasting intervention intermittent fasting effects should be treated as a bounded geroscience hypothesis: the retained clinical and adjacent evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified anti-aging claim.", "claim_id": "claim_7"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "Current evidence does not support clinical or policy use for geroprotection; the synthesis is evidentiary, not medical guidance.", "claim_id": "claim_8"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "claim_id": "claim_9"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "claim_id": "claim_10"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=3; claims=136 | no extracted directional signal in 2/3 sources | 1 direct; 2 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_11"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate.", "claim_id": "claim_12"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "10 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: mixed=4, null=2, positive=1, unclear=3. Directness coding: indirect=1, review=9.", "claim_id": "claim_13"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "3 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2, unclear=1. Directness coding: direct=1, review=2.", "claim_id": "claim_14"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "2 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1, unclear=1. Directness coding: review=2.", "claim_id": "claim_15"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "2 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: mixed=1, null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1, review=1.", "claim_id": "claim_16"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "Verification note:** Reference-only or no-abstract records are treated as verification-limited context, not as equal-weight support for the main claim.", "claim_id": "claim_17"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "The curated corpus is dominated by systematic reviews and meta-analyses and contains very few primary randomised controlled trials. The 16 remaining sources are review-level syntheses, which means the headline signals about cardiometabolic, immune, and muscle-function outcomes rest on summary effect sizes rather than on a primary trial base that can be re-examined. The corpus therefore cannot support within-study replication of any single finding, and conclusions about fasting effects in the general adult population inherit the inclusion criteria, follow-up windows, and risk-of-stringency judgements of the included reviews.", "claim_id": "claim_18"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "The populations enrolled across the curated reviews are heterogeneous and not balanced, which restricts external validity. The 17-source corpus therefore supports disease-specific or sex-specific claims more robustly than it supports a generalisable statement about healthy aging.", "claim_id": "claim_19"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "Hard clinical endpoints are largely absent from the curated evidence base. No source in the corpus reports long-term mortality, incident cardiovascular events, incident type 2 diabetes, fracture, or hospitalisation as a primary outcome, and no long-term mortality RCT of intermittent fasting in non-diabetic adults is present. The cross-domain tensions catalogued in the matrix — for example the null cardiometabolic direction in Wang 2025 and Abdollahpour 2025 versus the positive direction in Qudah 2026, and the mixed direction in Ranneh 2025, Lu 2025, Couto-Alfonso 2026, and Li 2026 — therefore cannot be resolved by appealing to clinical-event data, and the synthesis can describe only biomarker-level concordance and discordance.", "claim_id": "claim_20"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "Several clinically relevant claims rest on indirect or review-level evidence rather than on direct measurements in the population of interest. The PCOS-specific weight-loss signal in Ranneh 2025 and the HbA1c signal in Qudah 2026 (2.8% reduction in insulin-treated patients) are mechanistically plausible but are not paired within the corpus with mechanistic biomarker trials that can adjudicate pathways, and no source in the bundle directly links a measured mechanistic change (for example, a hepatic or pancreatic-axis intermediate) to a downstream clinical outcome in the same enrolled cohort. The single trialist RCT (Couto 2025) is described in available excerpts as a feasibility-oriented Mediterranean-diet comparison with limited willingness to maintain the assigned arm, which constrains the inferences that can be drawn from it. As a result, the mechanistic-to-clinical gap for intermittent fasting cannot be closed from this corpus, and any anti-aging or disease-prevention claim derived from it is supported only by indirect review-level evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_21"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "For intermittent fasting effects, the final interpretation is deliberately tiered: the retained clinical and adjacent evidence profile defines a bounded geroscience rationale, but the corpus does not support treating mechanistic target engagement, intermediate biomarkers, and patient-relevant outcomes as interchangeable evidence. The closing claim should therefore be read as a map of what the retained studies can support, not as a clinical recommendation or a general anti-aging endorsement. Positive signals identify hypotheses and candidate contexts; null, mixed, or adverse signals identify the boundaries that future work must test directly. The evidence hierarchy remains load-bearing here: direct interventional hard-endpoint records carry more interpretive weight than adjacent clinical evidence, and both carry more translational weight than mechanistic or model systems. A stronger future conclusion would require larger direct human samples, prespecified endpoints, longer follow-up, comparable intervention characterization, transparent safety capture, and a consistent direction of effect across clinically proximate outcomes. Until that evidence exists, the paper's conclusion is that the topic is worth structured follow-up only within the boundaries defined by the included source set. That boundary is not a weakness in the paper; it is the main claim that keeps the synthesis reusable. Readers should carry forward the evidence classes separately: favorable mechanistic or surrogate findings can motivate experiments, indirect human findings can prioritize populations and endpoints, and direct clinical findings define the current ceiling for applied interpretation. The current corpus may support intermittent fasting effects as a general health or lifestyle intervention where otherwise indicated, but does not justify marketing it as a standalone geroprotective or anti-aging intervention with proven hard-longevity effects. Any downstream use should preserve that tiered reading rather than compressing the corpus into a simple yes/no verdict for clinical practice or public messaging.", "claim_id": "claim_22"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "Current evidence does not support clinical or policy use for geroprotection; the synthesis is evidentiary, not medical guidance.", "claim_id": "claim_23"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "This synthesis maps 17 included sources on intermittent fasting effects across 4 outcome classes and 47 cross-study disagreements. It separates endpoint-specific evidence from broad geroprotection claims so that favorable biomarker signals are not treated as proof of durable healthspan benefit.", "claim_id": "claim_24"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "Across 17 curated reference papers, the evidence base for intermittent fasting effects shows a context-dependent profile. Positive signals appear in: cardiometabolic. Null findings dominate: cardiometabolic, contextual other. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The intermittent fasting effects anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established.", "claim_id": "claim_25"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "Prior reviews in the corpus (Kazeminasab 2025, Couto-Alfonso 2026, Kibret 2025, Lu 2025, Li 2026) emphasize convergent signals on intermittent fasting effects. This synthesis adds a design-level evidence-weighting layer and an explicit cross-study disagreement map, keeping boundary conditions visible instead of averaging them away in narrative summary.", "claim_id": "claim_26"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "| Evidence domain | Direct sources | Indirect / mechanism sources | Direction profile | Interpretation boundary |", "claim_id": "claim_27"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "| cardiometabolic | 0 | 10 | mixed, null, positive, unclear | conflict-resolution gap |", "claim_id": "claim_28"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "| P1 | cardiometabolic: conflict-resolution gap | 0 direct and 10 indirect sources; direction profile: mixed, null, positive, unclear |", "claim_id": "claim_29"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9", "study": "Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17121992", "study": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121992"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu18091450", "study": "Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7", "study": "Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7"}, {"doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2", "study": "The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2"}], "claim": "| P2 | muscle function: conflict-resolution gap | 0 direct and 2 indirect sources; 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