Derivation Web

source_bf907af10f264adc

by researka:v2 · 2026-06-25 02:24:37.284234+04:00

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The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_3", "text": "This paper synthesizes evidence on Sauna bathing across 24 included source papers and 457 high-confidence extracted claims.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_4", "text": "The evidence profile contains 3 direct clinical sources, 21 adjacent clinical sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence, with 66 cross-study disagreements across the evidence base.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_5", "text": "Positive study-level signals are summarized in the cognitive outcome class; null signals are summarized in the contextual adjacent evidence, longevity, muscle function, and safety and comorbidity outcome classes; negative signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; mixed or heterogeneous signals are summarized in the cardiometabolic and immune and inflammation outcome classes. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_6", "text": "The conclusion is that Sauna bathing should be treated as a bounded geroscience hypothesis: the retained clinical and adjacent evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified anti-aging claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_7", "text": "This manuscript is reported as a Thin-corpus evidence brief. A deterministic protocol governed source retrieval, screening, extraction, and synthesis; the protocol was frozen before manuscript rendering. The full audit trail is in the supplementary `methods_pack.json` and the timestamped submission directory `synthesis-sauna_heat_therapy-v06-DAILY-2026-06-24T21-58-14Z`.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_8", "text": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_9", "text": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_10", "text": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, cognitive, contextual adjacent evidence, immune and inflammation, longevity, muscle function, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_11", "text": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_12", "text": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_13", "text": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_14", "text": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=6; claims=232 | no extracted directional signal in 4/6 sources | 1 direct; 5 indirect | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_15", "text": "This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_16", "text": "6 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=4, unclear=2. Directness coding: direct=1, indirect=5.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_17", "text": "3 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2, unclear=1. Directness coding: indirect=2, review=1.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_18", "text": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: review=1.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_19", "text": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_20", "text": "Verification note:** Reference-only or no-abstract records are treated as verification-limited context, not as equal-weight support for the main claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_21", "text": "The curated corpus is dominated by Finnish and Northern-European prospective cohorts (e. For example, Laukkanen 2018, Kunutsor 2022, Knekt 2020, Engstrom 2024) and by acute-physiology crossover or pilot studies (Gravel 2019, Szafraniec 2025, Kunutsor 2018), with only a handful of randomized trials (Lee 2022, Lee 2025, Hussain 2022, Radtke 2016, Flynn 2023,, Effect of a Four-Week Extreme 2025). No long-term, hard-endpoint mortality RCT in non-diabetic adults is represented, so any inference linking sauna exposure to longevity rests on indirect, observational signals rather than a randomized test of the claim. Readers should treat absence of a trial class as absence of evidence, not as evidence of absence.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_22", "text": "Several outcome claims in this synthesis are supported by a single source and therefore cannot be triangulated within the corpus. The cognitive-endpoint signal (Passive Heat Therapy 2023, Fluid Cognition Composite P = 0.03) is the only direct cognitive finding, and the muscle-function claim (Effect of a Four-Week Extreme 2025, 1RM squat P < 0.05) likewise rests on one trial. Conclusions drawn from any single source can be interpreted as single-trial estimates whose magnitude, direction, and population fit have not been independently replicated in the curated evidence base.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_23", "text": "Several clinically relevant claims are supported only by mechanistic or biomarker-level evidence rather than by event-driven human data. Heat-stress cellular protection (Brunt 2018), endothelial hypoxia–reoxygenation rescue, and exercise-mimetic comparisons (Hussain 2022, where physiological responses differed between 45-min infrared sauna and exercise at P < 0.0005) provide plausibility but cannot be substituted for clinical outcome trials. The cognitive benefit reported by Passive Heat Therapy 2023 (P = 0.03) and the cardiometabolic improvements summarized across reviews (Brunt 2016; Passive Heat Therapy 2019, reporting a roughly 10 mmHg SBP reduction in older adults) have not been bridged to a randomized, adequately powered trial with incident-dementia or major-adverse-cardiovascular-event endpoints. Until such trials exist, the mechanistic-to-clinic gap remains the principal ceiling on any causal or quantitative claim derived from this corpus.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_24", "text": "For Sauna bathing, the final interpretation is deliberately tiered: the retained clinical and adjacent evidence profile defines a bounded geroscience rationale, but the corpus does not support treating mechanistic target engagement, intermediate biomarkers, and patient-relevant outcomes as interchangeable evidence. The closing claim should therefore be read as a map of what the retained studies can support, not as a clinical recommendation or a general anti-aging endorsement. Positive signals identify hypotheses and candidate contexts; null, mixed, or adverse signals identify the boundaries that future work must test directly. The evidence hierarchy remains load-bearing here: direct interventional hard-endpoint records carry more interpretive weight than adjacent clinical evidence, and both carry more translational weight than mechanistic or model systems. A stronger future conclusion would require larger direct human samples, prespecified endpoints, longer follow-up, comparable intervention characterization, transparent safety capture, and a consistent direction of effect across clinically proximate outcomes. Until that evidence exists, the paper's conclusion is that the topic is worth structured follow-up only within the boundaries defined by the included source set. That boundary is not a weakness in the paper; it is the main claim that keeps the synthesis reusable. Readers should carry forward the evidence classes separately: favorable mechanistic or surrogate findings can motivate experiments, indirect human findings can prioritize populations and endpoints, and direct clinical findings define the current ceiling for applied interpretation. The current corpus may support Sauna bathing as a general health or lifestyle intervention where otherwise indicated, but does not justify marketing it as a standalone geroprotective or anti-aging intervention with proven hard-longevity effects. Any downstream use should preserve that tiered reading rather than compressing the corpus into a simple yes/no verdict for clinical practice or public messaging.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_25", "text": "This synthesis maps 24 included sources on Sauna Heat Therapy across 7 outcome classes and 66 cross-study disagreements. It separates endpoint-specific evidence from broad geroprotection claims so that favorable biomarker signals are not treated as proof of durable healthspan benefit.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_26", "text": "Across 24 curated reference papers, the evidence base for Sauna shows a context-dependent profile. Positive signals appear in cardiometabolic and cognitive outcomes. Negative signals appear in cardiometabolic and immune outcomes. Null findings dominate contextual other and longevity outcomes. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The Sauna anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_27", "text": "Prior reviews in the corpus (Brunt 2016, Passive Heat Therapy 2023, Behzadi 2020, Passive Heat Therapy 2019, Sauna Bathing as an Alternative 2023) emphasize convergent signals on Sauna Heat Therapy. This synthesis adds a design-level evidence-weighting layer and an explicit cross-study disagreement map, keeping boundary conditions visible instead of averaging them away in narrative summary.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_28", "text": "| Evidence domain | Direct sources | Indirect / mechanism sources | Direction profile | Interpretation boundary |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_29", "text": "| safety and comorbidity | 0 | 1 | null | direct interventional hard-endpoint gap |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_30", "text": "| P1 | longevity: direct interventional hard-endpoint gap | 0 direct and 3 indirect sources; direction profile: null, unclear |", "type": "claim"}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/ijerph18136906", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_1", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_2", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acute Finnish sauna heating and cold water immersion effects on cardiovascular dynamic response in normotensive women", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29035-w", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.70449", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_3", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi‐arm randomized controlled trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70449", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_4", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1895-1", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_5", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2022", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s40814-023-01314-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_6", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Feasibility and pilot study of passive heat therapy on cardiovascular performance and laboratory values in older adults", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-023-01314-1", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1007/s10654-022-00926-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_7", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Inflammation, sauna bathing, and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Finnish men: a cohort study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-022-00926-w", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1080/22423982.2024.2419698", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_8", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Sauna bathing in northern Sweden: results from the MONICA study 2022", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2024.2419698", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101221", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_9", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Does sauna bathing protect against dementia?", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101221", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1152/physiol.2023.38.s1.5731414", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_10", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Passive heat therapy improves cognitive and cerebrovascular function in healthy midlife and older adults", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.2023.38.s1.5731414", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/jcm14103566", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_11", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The Effect of Eight Weeks of Passive Heat Therapy on Mental Health, Sleep, and Chronic Pain in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103566", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102798", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_12", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Infrared sauna as exercise-mimetic? Physiological responses to infrared sauna vs exercise in healthy women: A randomized controlled crossover trial.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102798", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102486", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_13", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Impact of Finnish sauna bathing on circulating markers of inflammation in healthy middle-aged and older adults: A crossover study.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102486", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.18103/mra.v11i6.3965", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_14", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Sauna Bathing as an Alternative Adjunct Therapy in the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Health Conditions Including Cardiovascular Disease, Neurodegenerative Disease, Metabolic Disease, and Mental Health Disorders", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i6.3965", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/app151910762", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_15", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of a Four-Week Extreme Heat (100 ± 2 °C) Sauna Baths Program in Combination with Resistance Training on Lower Limb Strength and Body Composition: A Blinded, Randomized Study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910762", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fcvm.2024.1476962", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_16", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Death after sauna—case report of a heat stroke associated subarachnoid hemorrhage", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2024.1476962", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.14166", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_17", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acute effect of Finnish sauna bathing on brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation and reactive hyperemia in healthy middle‐aged and older adults", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14166", "year": 2019}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12916-018-1198-0", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_18", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Sauna bathing is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and improves risk prediction in men and women: a prospective cohort study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1198-0", "year": 2018}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1007/s00380-018-1202-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_19", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Short-term effects of Finnish sauna bathing on blood-based markers of cardiovascular function in non-naive sauna users", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-018-1202-9", "year": 2018}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1113/jp272453", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_20", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Passive heat therapy improves endothelial function, arterial stiffness and blood pressure in sedentary humans.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp272453", "year": 2016}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.829.2", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_21", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Passive Heat Therapy Lowers Systolic Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Endothelial Function in Healthy Older Adults", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.829.2", "year": 2019}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1038/s41371-017-0008-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_22", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acute effects of sauna bathing on cardiovascular function.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-017-0008-z", "year": 2018}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1113/jp276559", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_23", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Passive heat therapy protects against endothelial cell hypoxia-reoxygenation via effects of elevations in temperature and circulating factors.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp276559", "year": 2018}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1177/2047487315594506", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_24", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Acute effects of Finnish sauna and cold-water immersion on haemodynamic variables and autonomic nervous system activity in patients with heart failure.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487315594506", "year": 2016}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_25", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_26", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_27", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Directional signal** is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_28", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_29", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Ioannidis 2005", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124", "year": null}], "publication_id": "3db23bf9-1a8b-494f-8560-9beecc746fac", "screening": {"excluded": 0, "exclusion_reasons": ["No PRISMA full-text exclusion-stage filter was applied."], "flow": ["identified", "screened", "excluded_with_reasons", "included"], "identified": 24, "included": 24, "included_or_retained": 24, "screened": 24, "wording": "24 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. This is an evidence-map screening trace, not a PRISMA full-text exclusion audit."}}

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