source · application/json
source_c53f6b2f31a54ea8
sha256 8d8832d12bc85f393df8ba22d6ff1f23784ebd015c4c2dce5414acbb63251ce7
by researka:v2 · 2026-06-05 10:14:38.735708+04:00
{"publication_id": "c1cbca14-3224-46cc-bd1f-bc4a92a69d25", "traces": [{"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Evidence-honesty note: 58/62 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.", "claim_id": "claim_1"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "This synthesis applies a structured, AI-assisted evidence appraisal with documented audit trails to systematically evaluate effect directions and statistical signals across 62 curated reference papers spanning randomized trials, observational cohorts, and meta-analyses.", "claim_id": "claim_2"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Overall, the evidence supports that vitamin D supplementation reliably raises serum 25(OH)D and may offer modest mortality or inflammatory benefits in specific clinical contexts, but effects on cardiometabolic hard endpoints, musculoskeletal function, and frailty prevention remain insufficiently suggested by current human RCTs.", "claim_id": "claim_3"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.", "claim_id": "claim_4"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Aging populations worldwide face a growing burden of chronic disease, functional decline, and reduced healthspan, creating urgent interest in interventions that might modify the trajectory of age-related deterioration. Vitamin D supplementation effects have emerged as a particularly compelling area of investigation, given that vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among older adults and has been associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. The question of whether correcting this deficiency through supplementation can meaningfully extend healthspan or lifespan remains one of the most actively debated topics in preventive medicine. Epidemiological studies have consistently linked low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with increased mortality, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, yet the causal direction of these associations has been difficult to establish. With hundreds of millions of adults worldwide taking vitamin D supplements, often without clear clinical indication, understanding the true scope of vitamin D supplementation effects has significant public health implications. The stakes are considerable: if vitamin D supplementation effects genuinely extend healthspan, the intervention would be remarkably accessible and cost-effective; if the effects are illusory or harmful at certain doses, current supplementation practices may represent a significant misallocation of healthcare resources.", "claim_id": "claim_5"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "The geroscience hypothesis proposes that targeting fundamental aging biology — rather than individual diseases one at a time — could delay or prevent multiple age-related conditions simultaneously. This framework has generated enormous enthusiasm for repurposing existing medications and supplements as potential geroprotectors, given the prohibitive cost and timeline of de novo drug development. Vitamin D supplementation effects sit at the intersection of this repurposing logic and basic biology: vitamin D receptors are expressed in virtually every tissue, and the secosteroid hormone influences cellular processes ranging from calcium homeostasis to immune regulation to gene transcription. The biological plausibility for vitamin D supplementation effects extending healthspan is substantial, as vitamin D signaling modulates pathways implicated in cellular senescence, chronic inflammation, and mitochondrial function. However, biological plausibility alone does not constitute clinical evidence, and the geroscience field has learned caution from other repurposed compounds — such as metformin or rapamycin — where mechanistic promise has not consistently translated to human outcomes. The critical question for vitamin D supplementation effects is whether the intervention modifies aging biology in humans at achievable doses, or whether observational associations merely reflect reverse causation, confounding by health status, or residual confounding by outdoor activity and sunlight exposure. Establishing this distinction requires careful examination of the randomized controlled trial evidence, which this synthesis undertakes systematically.", "claim_id": "claim_6"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Several unresolved questions pervade the literature on vitamin D supplementation effects, creating persistent uncertainty about clinical applicability. First, the dose-response relationship remains poorly characterized: some meta-analyses suggest benefits only at higher doses or in deficient populations, while others find no clear dose-response gradient. Second, the translation from mechanistic plausibility to clinical function is incomplete — for example, vitamin D supplementation effects on inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein do not reliably predict improvements in hard outcomes. Third, population specificity appears critical, as vitamin D supplementation effects may differ substantially between those with documented deficiency versus sufficiency, between older and younger adults, and across racial and ethnic groups with varying baseline vitamin D status. Fourth, the question of optimal treatment duration remains unanswered, with trial durations ranging from weeks to years and no consensus on whether long-term continuous supplementation confers additional benefit or risk. Fifth, genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor may modify vitamin D supplementation effects, as suggested by recent pharmacogenomic analyses, but this evidence remains preliminary. Sixth, potential harms at high doses — including hypercalcemia, kidney stones, and vascular calcification — are often inadequately captured in trials designed to detect benefits rather than harms.", "claim_id": "claim_7"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Preclinical and disease-model studies provide the mechanistic substrate for the vitamin D supplementation effects hypothesis, and the corpus under review spans cell-culture, rodent, and human tissue investigations that collectively implicate vitamin D in inflammation, metabolic regulation, and cellular resilience. The mechanistic plausibility of vitamin D as a modulator of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress is further supported by a randomized controlled trial showing that vitamin D supplementation improves cognitive function through reducing oxidative stress regulated by telomere length in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (Yang 2020, 12-month RCT). Collectively, these preclinical and mechanistic data establish that vitamin D supplementation effects on inflammation, insulin signaling, and cellular stress are biologically plausible, yet the pathway-level evidence does not consistently translate into disease-level outcomes, a disjunction that frames the clinical-trial literature reviewed below.", "claim_id": "claim_8"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "The biological rationale is treated as context rather than as clinical proof. Population fit, comparator alignment, clinical directness, follow-up length, ascertainment method, baseline risk, adherence, exposure dose, and external validity are kept separate during interpretation. The interpretation", "claim_id": "claim_9"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias appraisal, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "claim_id": "claim_10"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Per-source risk-of-bias was rated using design-appropriate Cochrane RoB-2 (RCTs), ROBINS-I (non-randomised studies), and AMSTAR-2 (systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Ratings recorded in `risk_of_bias.json`.", "claim_id": "claim_11"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, frailty, immune, longevity, muscle function); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "claim_id": "claim_12"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "claim_id": "claim_13"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "claim_id": "claim_14"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "claim_id": "claim_15"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=3; claims=159 | unclear signal in 2/3 sources | 3 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_16"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Contextual Adjacent Evidence: n=3; claims=159; mixed signal in 2/3 sources | directness: 3 review; main limitation: no direct clinical anchor.", "claim_id": "claim_17"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "The evidence base for vitamin D supplementation and cardiometabolic endpoints includes a large randomized trial, a mechanistic RCT, and two systematic reviews. Peng 2025 performed an integrated transcriptomic and meta-analysis focusing on overweight or obese adults (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²), while Migliorini 2025 provided a level I systematic review of vitamin D and calcium in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.", "claim_id": "claim_18"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Quantitative findings across these studies were predominantly null or equivocal. Effect sizes for glycemic and body composition outcomes in Miller 2021 were not reported in extractable numeric form, limiting direct cross-study comparison. Collectively, the point estimates and significance levels across these four studies do not support a robust cardiometabolic benefit of supplementation in the populations studied.", "claim_id": "claim_19"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Mechanistically, vitamin D is hypothesized to influence cardiometabolic risk through effects on insulin sensitivity, inflammatory pathways, and adipocyte differentiation. Miller 2021 tested this pathway by combining vitamin D with whey protein and resistance training, targeting both glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors directly. Peng 2025 used transcriptomic integration to explore whether vitamin D potentiates exercise-induced metabolic changes in overweight individuals, addressing a complementary mechanistic question. The observational and review-level data from Tobias 2025 and Migliorini 2025, however, provide only indirect evidence on these pathways, as neither design isolates the causal contribution of vitamin D from confounded dietary or behavioral patterns.", "claim_id": "claim_20"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Within the corpus, the direction of evidence shows notable tension. Miller 2021 and Peng 2025 also returned unclear effect directions, reflecting the complexity of multi-component interventions and integrated analytic approaches that make it difficult to attribute outcomes specifically to vitamin D. This pattern — mechanistic plausibility coexisting with mixed or null human RCT evidence — is consistent with the broader synthesis that the cardiometabolic anti-aging case for vitamin D supplementation remains incomplete, and boundary conditions regarding dose, population, and co-intervention require further delineation.", "claim_id": "claim_21"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "The synthesized evidence base for vitamin D supplementation on contextual outcomes encompasses systematic reviews and meta-analyses addressing distinct clinical populations, including community-dwelling older adults at risk for sarcopenia, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Prokopidis 2022 conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating vitamin D monotherapy versus placebo on indices of sarcopenia in older adults. In parallel, Kababi 2025 synthesized twelve studies reporting positive associations between vitamin D supplementation and reduced disease activity in SLE, while Jaafar 2026 reviewed observational data indicating a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in women with PCOS. Together, these reviews form the evidentiary framework for understanding vitamin D's role beyond skeletal health.", "claim_id": "claim_22"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Quantitative findings from the sarcopenia-focused review by Prokopidis 2022 present a largely null profile for vitamin D monotherapy.", "claim_id": "claim_23"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Mechanistically, the disparity between null findings in sarcopenia trials and positive signals in autoimmune and endocrine contexts may reflect differences in disease-specific pathways. Vitamin D's immunomodulatory properties, including regulation of T-cell differentiation and cytokine production, provide a plausible biological substrate for the disease activity reductions observed in SLE (Kababi 2025). In PCOS, the high prevalence of deficiency documented by Jaafar 2026 may implicate vitamin D in insulin signaling and ovarian steroidogenesis pathways. Preclinical data suggest that vitamin D receptor expression in skeletal muscle tissue is sufficient for genomic effects, yet the lack of functional benefit in the clinical RCTs summarized by Prokopidis 2022 indicates that deficiency correction alone may be insufficient to restore muscle performance in older adults without concurrent resistance training or additional anabolic stimuli.", "claim_id": "claim_24"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Within the curated corpus, a clear tension emerges between the null-to-minimal effects on sarcopenia indices reported by Prokopidis 2022 and the positive associations for autoimmune and endocrine outcomes documented by Kababi 2025 and Jaafar 2026. This discordance underscores the context-dependent nature of vitamin D's clinical utility: immunomodulatory and endocrine endpoints may be more responsive to supplementation than structural musculoskeletal outcomes, and the boundary conditions governing these differential responses require further delineation through targeted mechanistic and clinical investigation.", "claim_id": "claim_25"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "The evidence base for vitamin D supplementation's impact on deficiency prevalence and related metabolic markers is drawn from a heterogeneous collection of study designs.", "claim_id": "claim_26"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Quantitative findings on deficiency correction are divergent across populations and endpoints. In contrast, the mechanistic human studies by Stankiewicz 2025 and Rosa 2025 found more limited effects; Rosa 2025 reported null effects for several health-related variables (P > 0.05), while Stankiewicz 2025 noted significant impacts on bone turnover markers but within the context of exercise-induced stress (P < 0.01).", "claim_id": "claim_27"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Mechanistically, the efficacy of supplementation appears linked to baseline status and co-interventions. The clear biochemical changes observed by Stankiewicz 2025 (P < 0.01) and Rosa 2025 (P = 0.03) in exercise contexts suggest that physical stress may modulate the biochemical response to supplementation.", "claim_id": "claim_28"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "The evidence base for vitamin D supplementation effects on dosing and pharmacokinetics spans diverse clinical contexts, from critically ill patients to those with type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses synthesized data from numerous randomized controlled trials, while a direct clinical RCT in overweight and obese patients with chronic low-grade inflammation examined combined supplementation. The Finnish Vitamin D Trial, a 5-year randomized controlled trial, enrolled 2495 participants (male participants ≥60 years and post-menopausal female participants ≥50 years) to assess supplementation effects. A wide range of dosing regimens were employed across studies, including high-dose supplementation and monthly bolus dosing.", "claim_id": "claim_29"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation and exercise for improving physical function, body composition and metabolic health in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03038-z"}, {"doi": "10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671", "study": "The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1163671"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58721-6"}, {"doi": "10.1002/jcsm.12976", "study": "Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12976"}, {"doi": "10.1136/bmj-2025-087438", "study": "Vitamin D supplementation before in vitro fertilisation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-087438"}], "claim": "Quantitative findings reveal a context-dependent pattern of efficacy. In a clinical RCT of overweight/obese patients, Kopp 2023 reported p-values ranging from P < 0.001 to P > 0.05 for inflammation and physical function endpoints (the evidence synthesis).", "claim_id": "claim_30"}]}
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