source · application/json
source_c99aaf6766cb4869
sha256 7136f3f593586a7c5b34395f7aadee5cbc2029800750e61b15536c54e7e9c7b5
by researka:v2 · 2026-06-24 12:23:00.944605+04:00
{"publication_id": "b642629d-7848-45dd-ae31-6947fe25f9e1", "traces": [{"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "This paper synthesizes evidence on Taurine supplementation across 67 accepted source papers and 1827 high-confidence extracted claims.", "claim_id": "claim_1"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "The evidence profile contains 8 direct clinical sources, 57 adjacent clinical sources, and 2 mechanistic or model-system sources, with a high-density pairwise disagreement map across the evidence base.", "claim_id": "claim_2"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "Positive study-level signals are summarized in the contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic, immune and inflammation outcome classes, null signals in the contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic, immune and inflammation outcome classes, and negative signals in the cardiometabolic outcome class. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "claim_id": "claim_3"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "The conclusion is that Taurine supplementation remains a bounded geroscience case: the retained clinical and mechanistic evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified anti-aging claim.", "claim_id": "claim_4"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "This manuscript is reported as a Thin-corpus evidence brief. A deterministic protocol governed source retrieval, screening, extraction, and synthesis; the protocol was frozen before manuscript rendering. The full audit trail is in the supplementary `methods_pack.json` and the timestamped submission directory `synthesis-taurine-v06-DAILY-2026-06-24T08-14-59Z`.", "claim_id": "claim_5"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "claim_id": "claim_6"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "claim_id": "claim_7"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, immune and inflammation, longevity, mechanism, mortality and survival, muscle function, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "claim_id": "claim_8"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "claim_id": "claim_9"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "claim_id": "claim_10"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "claim_id": "claim_11"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=35; claims=1187 | no extracted directional signal in 27/35 sources | 3 direct; 14 indirect; 18 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "claim_id": "claim_12"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate.", "claim_id": "claim_13"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "35 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=27, positive=8. Directness coding: direct=3, indirect=14, review=18.", "claim_id": "claim_14"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "13 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: mixed=1, negative=3, null=6, positive=3. Directness coding: direct=2, indirect=1, review=10.", "claim_id": "claim_15"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "5 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=4, positive=1. Directness coding: indirect=1, review=4.", "claim_id": "claim_16"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "3 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2, positive=1. Directness coding: direct=1, review=2.", "claim_id": "claim_17"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "Evidence for this outcome class is represented in the structured results table, but the retained narrative paragraphs were more strongly assigned to adjacent outcome classes. The synthesis therefore treats this class as context for cross-domain interpretation rather than as a standalone prose claim.", "claim_id": "claim_18"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "4 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=3, unclear=1. Directness coding: indirect=1, review=3.", "claim_id": "claim_19"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "2 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2. Directness coding: mechanistic=2.", "claim_id": "claim_20"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1.", "claim_id": "claim_21"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: review=1.", "claim_id": "claim_22"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "Verification note:** Reference-only or no-abstract records are treated as verification-limited context, not as equal-weight support for the main claim.", "claim_id": "claim_23"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "A first limitation is the absence of a long-term, adequately powered mortality or hard cardiovascular endpoint trial of taurine monotherapy in non-diabetic, community-dwelling adults. Consequently, the headline conclusion that the anti-aging case is 'incomplete' rests on the absence of such a trial as much as on the heterogeneity of the surrogate-level data, and any inference about long-term clinical benefit cannot be supported by the present evidence map.", "claim_id": "claim_24"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "A second limitation is single-source dependence for several outcome classes that nevertheless appear in the synthesis. The Longevity class is supported only by Mottaghi 2026 (liver-transplant graft outcomes, direct but narrow); Mortality is supported by Stijn 2015 and Zhang 2024 alone; Safety/Comorbidity is supported only by Zinellu 2015 in chronic kidney disease; and the Deficiency/Prevalence class rests on Marcangeli 2025, a small biomarker study in men aged 20–100. Because each of these outcome classes is touched by one — or at most two — sources, the within-corpus replication that would normally anchor an evidence map is absent, and any effect direction for these classes should be treated as hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory.", "claim_id": "claim_25"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "A fourth limitation is the narrow endpoint scope of the human evidence. Patient-important endpoints such as incident cardiovascular events, hospitalisation for heart failure, fragility fracture, or dementia incidence are not reported in any of the in-corpus RCTs, and the energy-drink literature (Basrai 2019, Acute Effects of Energy 2025) addresses acute pressor responses (P < 0.00001) rather than chronic vascular outcomes. To our reading, the balance of the human evidence suggests that taurine may have a role as an adjunct for specific cardiometabolic and exercise endpoints in selected populations, but does not constitute a standalone anti-aging therapy in humans, and the boundary conditions for that adjunct role remain to be established.", "claim_id": "claim_26"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "For lifestyle, dietary, or exercise contexts, the data are best interpreted as hypothesis-generating rather than prescriptive: taurine's general-health support within normal dietary intake is a separate question from claims of a proven standalone anti-aging effect, and the chronic-dosing blood-pressure and lipid findings (Waldron 2018; Sun 2016; Sun 2024) should be regarded as adjunct signals rather than endorsement of population-wide supplementation. The most informative single next step is a prespecified, chronic-dosing RCT in middle-aged and older adults that pre-registers both a biological-aging primary endpoint (e. For example, the metrics in Effects of Daily Taurine 2025, 4 g/day for 6 months in adults aged 55–75) and cardiometabolic secondaries, so that the current cardiometabolic signal can be disambiguated from the energy-drink acute-effect findings of Acute Effects of Energy 2025. Until such a trial reports, the integrating thesis stands: taurine may exert measurable cardiometabolic effects in selected contexts, and the broader anti-aging case remains to be confirmed in adequately powered, chronic-duration human trials with hard endpoints, and the boundary conditions — including dose, duration, baseline deficiency, and population — remain to be established.", "claim_id": "claim_27"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "This synthesis maps 67 included sources on Taurine across 10 outcome classes and a high-density pairwise disagreement map. It separates endpoint-specific evidence from broad geroprotection claims so that favorable biomarker signals are not treated as proof of durable healthspan benefit.", "claim_id": "claim_28"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "Across 67 curated reference papers, the evidence base for taurine shows a context-dependent profile. Positive signals appear in: contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic. Negative signals appear in: cardiometabolic. Null findings dominate: contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The taurine anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established.", "claim_id": "claim_29"}, {"candidate_sources": [{"doi": "10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x", "study": "Amino acid composition of plant protein-enriched wheat biscuits differentially affects postprandial amino acid responses of overweight/obese compared to normalweight subjects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03759-x"}, {"doi": "10.3390/nu17010055", "study": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010055"}, {"doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "study": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z"}, {"doi": "10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938", "study": "A randomized controlled trial of L -taurine for fatigue in decompensated cirrhosis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000938"}, {"doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3", "study": "The effect of 8-day oral taurine supplementation on thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise at fixed heat production in hot conditions of incremental humidity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05478-3"}], "claim": "Prior reviews in the corpus (Sun 2024, Tzang 2024, Wang 2026, Waldron 2018, Almohaimeed 2024) emphasize convergent signals on Taurine. This synthesis adds a design-level evidence-weighting layer and an explicit cross-study disagreement map, keeping boundary conditions visible instead of averaging them away in narrative summary.", "claim_id": "claim_30"}]}
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