source · application/json
source_cd1d9331977e40fa
sha256 22966a22772ea56a9fab1afa156d7e890987fa8596e1acd6dcea5460cd478d4b
by researka:v2 · 2026-07-03 20:42:57.174333+04:00
{"content_hash": "sha256:2a7885d755b4f0ccb60c38169a3785c0c88092d462d620836fbfdf0cd6c18410", "edges": [{"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_1", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_2", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_3", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_4", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_5", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_6", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_7", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_8", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_9", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_10", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_11", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_12", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_13", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_14", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_15", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_16", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_17", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_18", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_19", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_20", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_21", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_22", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_23", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_24", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_25", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_26", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_27", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_28", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_29", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "to": "claim_30", "type": "contains_claim"}], "nodes": [{"id": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "title": "Adjacent Evidence Brief: Zinc Supplementation Effects — full paper", "type": "publication"}, {"id": "claim_1", "text": "This paper synthesizes evidence on zinc supplementation effects across 32 accepted source papers and 1454 high-confidence extracted claims.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_2", "text": "The evidence profile contains 4 direct clinical sources, 28 adjacent, review, or context sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence, with a high-density pairwise disagreement map across the evidence base.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_3", "text": "Positive study-level signals are summarized in the immune and inflammation, longevity outcome classes, null signals in the contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, immune and inflammation outcome classes, and negative signals in the immune and inflammation, contextual adjacent evidence outcome classes. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_4", "text": "The conclusion is that zinc supplementation effects remains a bounded evidence hypothesis: the retained direct, adjacent, and context evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any over-broad aging-related claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_5", "text": "For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_6", "text": "This synthesis evaluates evidence on zinc supplementation effects across 32 included source papers and 1454 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_7", "text": "The corpus contains 4 direct clinical sources, 28 adjacent, review, or context sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_8", "text": "The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_9", "text": "This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_10", "text": "The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_11", "text": "Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_12", "text": "Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_13", "text": "The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_14", "text": "The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_15", "text": "The background evidence for zinc supplementation effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Barffour 2020, Baissary 2025, Wessells 2019 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as the retained evidence base, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_16", "text": "The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_17", "text": "Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the immune and inflammation, longevity outcome classes; null signals around the contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, immune and inflammation outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the immune and inflammation, contextual adjacent evidence outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_18", "text": "The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_19", "text": "The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_20", "text": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_21", "text": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_22", "text": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, immune and inflammation, longevity, mortality and survival); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_23", "text": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_24", "text": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_25", "text": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_26", "text": "| Zinc Supplementation Effects / Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=9; claims=404 | significant source statistic in 8/9 sources; receipt-level direction coded unclear | 1 direct; 4 indirect; 4 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_27", "text": "Aging and geroscience context: 1 sources; significant source statistic in 1/1 sources; receipt-level direction coded null.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_28", "text": "Contextual Adjacent Evidence: n=9; claims=404; mixed signal in 6/9 sources | directness: 1 direct; 4 indirect; 4 review; main limitation: directionally heterogeneous.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_29", "text": "Two systematic reviews anchor the cardiometabolic evidence base for zinc supplementation, each pooling randomized controlled trials across heterogeneous populations. Jayawardena 2022 synthesized studies in prediabetes mellitus, while Khazdouz 2020 aggregated randomized controlled trials evaluating cardiometabolic risk factors more broadly. Both reviews summarize zinc delivered as an oral supplement, alone or in combination with other micronutrients, against comparators that varied across the included primary trials. The principal endpoints assessed were fasting and post-load glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and related metabolic indices. The two reviews together provide the principal human-evidence substrate for the cardiometabolic class within this corpus.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_30", "text": "Per-study endpoint detail, including additional p-values, dose ranges, and follow-up durations, is catalogued in the evidence synthesis (Per-Study Endpoint Evidence). The two reviews thus converge on the direction of glycemia-related benefit while differing in the precise effect-size metric.", "type": "claim"}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_1", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea and two preventive zinc supplementation regimens on the incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections in rural Laotian children: A randomized controlled trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010424", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_2", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Initiated Prior to or During Pregnancy Modestly Impacted Maternal Status and High Prevalence of Hypozincemia in Pregnancy and Lactation: The Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.018", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu12020491", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_3", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020491", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_4", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01298-4", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_5", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/nu15194093", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_6", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Zinc Deficiency and Therapeutic Value of Zinc Supplementation in Pediatric Gastrointestinal Diseases", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194093", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/nu17101671", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_7", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Zinc Supplementation, Inflammation, and Gut Integrity Markers in HIV Infection: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101671", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/nu18030541", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_8", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "High-Dose Zinc Supplementation Therapy Does Not Improve Survival Rates in Severe Trauma Patients: A Single-Center Retrospective Observational Study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030541", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/nu16172841", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_9", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effectiveness of Zinc Supplementation for Sepsis Treatment: A Single-Center Retrospective Observational Study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172841", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.3390/nu16234116", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_10", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Efficacy of Zinc Supplementation in the Management of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234116", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1093/advances/nmaa087", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_11", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Dose and Duration of Zinc Interventions on Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa087", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/nu14030481", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_12", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Exchangeable Zinc Pool Size Reflects Form of Zinc Supplementation in Young Children and Is Not Associated with Markers of Inflammation", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030481", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155396", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_13", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Zinc supplementation is associated with a reduction in serum markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155396", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/s40001-022-00694-z", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_14", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Zinc supplementation and COVID-19 mortality: a meta-analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-022-00694-z", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1542/peds.2022-057092j", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_15", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Enteral Zinc Supplementation in Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-057092j", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s00394-021-02604-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_16", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of zinc supplementation on mortality in under 5-year children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02604-1", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03234-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_17", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Zinc supplementation in prediabetes mellitus.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03234-x", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s12011-019-01870-9", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_18", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01870-9", "year": 2020}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1007/s12603-014-0005-7", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_19", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Antioxidant effect of zinc supplementation on both plasma and cellular red-ox status markers in a group of elderly Italian population", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-014-0005-7", "year": 2014}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S23", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_20", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Preventive zinc supplementation in developing countries: impact on mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S23", "year": 2011}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/1471-2334-11-122", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_21", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "What zinc supplementation does and does not achieve in diarrhea prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-122", "year": 2011}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.4269/ajtmh.19-0584", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_22", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Impact of Daily Preventive Zinc or Therapeutic Zinc Supplementation for Diarrhea on Plasma Biomarkers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction among Rural Laotian Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0584", "year": 2019}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0079998", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_23", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Zinc Supplementation on the Incidence of Mortality in Preschool Children: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079998", "year": 2013}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1186/1475-2891-12-131", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_24", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Impact of vitamin A with zinc supplementation on malaria morbidity in Ghana", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-131", "year": 2013}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.26633/RPSP.2017.8", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_25", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "From guidelines to local realities: evaluation of oral rehydration therapy and zinc supplementation in Guatemala", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.8", "year": 2017}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0112682", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_26", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Zinc Supplementation Inhibits Complement Activation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112682", "year": 2014}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1155/2015/963569", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_27", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "High 15-F 2t -Isoprostane Levels in Patients with a Previous History of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: The Effects of Supplementary Antioxidant Therapy", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/963569", "year": 2015}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1186/1475-2891-12-74", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_28", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of oral zinc in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-74", "year": 2013}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.7150/ijms.5291", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_29", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Plasma Copper/Zinc Ratios, Oxidative Stress, and Immunological Status in Hemodialysis Patients", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.5291", "year": 2012}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004647", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_30", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Preventive zinc supplementation for children, and the effect of additional iron: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004647", "year": 2014}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "review-level", "doi": "10.1007/s12011-013-9885-3", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_31", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of zinc supplementation on inflammatory markers and adipokines in young obese women.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9885-3", "year": 2014}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1080/14767058.2016.1220524", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_32", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Efficacy of zinc supplementation on serum calprotectin, inflammatory cytokines and outcome in neonatal sepsis - a randomized controlled trial.", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1220524", "year": 2017}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_33", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_34", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_35", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Directional signal** is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": null, "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_36", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "**Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.", "type": "source", "url": null, "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.1093/ageing/afy169", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_37", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Cruz-Jentoft 2019", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169", "year": null}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "citation", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_38", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Ioannidis 2005", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124", "year": null}], "publication_id": "2f99ba23-7327-40ed-9dbd-509dfb346ff4", "screening": {"excluded": 0, "exclusion_reasons": ["No PRISMA full-text exclusion-stage filter was applied."], "flow": ["identified", "screened", "excluded_with_reasons", "included"], "identified": 32, "included": 32, "included_or_retained": 32, "screened": 32, "wording": "32 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. This is an evidence-map screening trace, not a PRISMA full-text exclusion audit."}}
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