source · application/json
source_d7a32851d30842ca
sha256 2c29f98f227e9362e4401ed2a35e970e13a6d6c582b21c86e8834aa6f5e84534
by researka:v2 · 2026-06-25 09:00:22.281655+04:00
{"content_hash": "sha256:78a4520740a6f7cfecef2fc012ec7e674926c4eaf72cc6866ee23dc4b6082c45", "edges": [{"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_1", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_2", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_3", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_4", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_5", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_6", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_7", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_8", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_9", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_10", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_11", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_12", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_13", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_14", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_15", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_16", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_17", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_18", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_19", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_20", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_21", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_22", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_23", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_24", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_25", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_26", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_27", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_28", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_29", "type": "contains_claim"}, {"from": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "to": "claim_30", "type": "contains_claim"}], "nodes": [{"id": "618b0782-af49-4bf8-95d3-3086702ce350", "title": "Hypothesis-Generating Brief: Urolithin A — full paper", "type": "publication"}, {"id": "claim_1", "text": "This paper synthesizes evidence on Urolithin A across 47 accepted source papers and 1415 high-confidence extracted claims.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_2", "text": "The evidence profile contains 4 direct clinical sources, 40 adjacent clinical sources, and 3 mechanistic or model-system sources, with a high-density pairwise disagreement map across the evidence base.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_3", "text": "Positive study-level signals are summarized in the muscle function, immune and inflammation, cardiometabolic outcome classes, null signals in the contextual adjacent evidence, immune and inflammation, muscle function outcome classes, and negative signals in the contextual adjacent evidence and muscle function outcome classes. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_4", "text": "The conclusion is that Urolithin A remains a bounded geroscience case: the retained clinical and mechanistic evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified anti-aging claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_5", "text": "For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_6", "text": "The geroscience hypothesis underlying the current wave of anti-aging drug development proposes that a single molecule acting on a shared mechanism of aging biology could in principle delay, attenuate, or partially reverse multiple age-related conditions simultaneously, rather than treating each disease as a separate clinical problem. This is a fundamentally different intervention logic from the traditional one-disease-one-target model that has dominated pharmaceutical development, and it has implications for both how trials are designed and how evidence is interpreted. Within this frame, candidate geroprotectors can be divided into repurposed pharmaceuticals with long safety records in other indications — such as metformin or rapamycin — and novel or quasi-novel compounds developed specifically for aging endpoints. Urolithin A does not fit neatly into either category: it is a naturally occurring metabolite whose endogenous production depends on gut microbial conversion of ellagic acid precursors, yet it is being evaluated clinically as a defined, standardized, manufactured postbiotic rather than as a dietary constituent. This hybrid status — neither a classical small-molecule drug nor a conventional dietary supplement delivering a whole food matrix — is part of why the evidence base for urolithin a has accumulated so quickly and across so many outcome domains, ranging from skeletal muscle function and mitochondrial biogenesis to immune aging, cardiometabolic health, vascular endothelial function, and cognitive performance. It is also why the evidence base is unusually heterogeneous: mechanistic studies in cells and rodents, observational cohorts in athlete populations, small mechanistic biomarker trials in healthy midlife adults, and larger functional endpoint trials in older adults coexist in the literature without a unifying hierarchy of design. The geroscience frame therefore demands that the urolithin a evidence base be evaluated against the specific claim that a single intervention can move multiple aging-relevant endpoints, and not merely against single-domain therapeutic benchmarks.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_7", "text": "Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; the human randomized trial landscape for urolithin a is heterogeneous in design, population, dose, duration, and endpoint, and a faithful map of that heterogeneity is a prerequisite for any defensible synthesis. Singh 2022 (NCT03464500) extended the muscle-function question into middle-aged adults and reported effects on muscle strength, exercise performance, and mitochondrial biomarkers. Denk 2025 reported a dose of 1000 mg/day. Whitfield 2025 (NCT04783207) examined highly trained male distance runners — a population whose baseline mitochondrial function is unusually high and whose responsiveness window for a mitochondrial-targeted intervention may be compressed — and reported mixed signals across running performance, recovery, and mitochondrial biomarkers. Acevedo 2025 enrolled academy soccer players during preseason at 1000 mg/day, while Zhao 2024 evaluated male athletes undergoing resistance training over 8 weeks, Liu 2022 focused on older adults, and Faitg 2023 and others provide narrative or indirect muscle-function context. Alongside these published trials, multiple registered protocols — including the MitoIMMUNE trial, the Mitopure dose-comparison study in healthy middle-aged adults, the obesity-and-restricted-eating protocol, the endothelial-and-cerebrovascular trial, and the sleep-and-aging-biomarkers trial — indicate that the active human evidence base is still expanding rather than consolidating.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_8", "text": "Despite this expanding trial portfolio, several substantive questions about urolithin a remain unresolved, and the synthesis of the existing sources surfaces them with unusual clarity. First, the translation from mechanistic plausibility — robust in cells, suggestive in rodents — to clinical functional benefit in humans is the central evidentiary gap, and the source-level signals across muscle-function, immune-inflammation, cardiometabolic, and contextual-other endpoints are mixed rather than convergent. Second, the question of population specificity is unresolved: it is plausible, though not established, that adults with baseline mitochondrial impairment, older age, obesity, or chronic low-grade inflammation may respond differently than elite endurance athletes or academy soccer players with high baseline mitochondrial function, and the trials to date have not been powered or designed to formally test this interaction. Third, the dose-response question is open; urolithin a has been administered at doses spanning two orders of magnitude across the sources, yet no head-to-head dose-finding study with a functional primary endpoint has been published, and the apparent absence of dose-response data is a meaningful limitation. Fourth, the duration question is unresolved: the longest published interventions are approximately 4 months, and although registered protocols extend to 6 months, the evidence base has not yet shown whether functional benefits observed at 2-4 months are sustained, amplified, or attenuated over longer periods. Fifth, mechanistic-to-functional translation is itself contested in the sources: preclinical and indirect evidence supports effects on mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammatory tone, vascular endothelial function, and even bone and cartilage biology, yet whether these mechanistic actions in fact drive the observed functional changes in any given trial — or whether they are parallel rather than causal correlates — remains a question the field is asking rather than answering. The cross-study disagreements catalogued across the source set reflect, in effect, the cumulative weight of these unresolved questions.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_9", "text": "Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; the background evidence for Urolithin A is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Singh 2022, Denk 2025, Acevedo 2025 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as Lin 2023, He 2024, Karumuru 2025, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_10", "text": "The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_11", "text": "Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the muscle function, immune and inflammation, cardiometabolic outcome classes; null signals around the contextual adjacent evidence, immune and inflammation, muscle function outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the contextual adjacent evidence and muscle function outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_12", "text": "The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_13", "text": "The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_14", "text": "The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_15", "text": "Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_16", "text": "Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, frailty, immune and inflammation, mechanism, muscle function, skeletal, fracture, and bone); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_17", "text": "Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_18", "text": "| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_19", "text": "| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=21; claims=709 | no extracted directional signal in 14/21 sources | 1 direct; 16 indirect; 4 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_20", "text": "Outcome-class note:** Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_21", "text": "Contextual Adjacent Evidence: n=21; claims=709; no extracted directional signal in 14/21 sources | directness: 1 direct; 16 indirect; 4 review; main limitation: directionally heterogeneous.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_22", "text": "Deficiency Prevalence: n=1; claims=55; mixed signal in 1/1 sources | directness: 1 direct; main limitation: single-source support.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_23", "text": "The numeric spine of this outcome class is sparse but consistent in directionality. The remaining three contributions are either protocols or narrative reviews and therefore report no effect estimates in the present extraction; their directional signal in the curated corpus is null for the Influence of the Urolithin A on the Population 2026 and Effects of Urolithin A Supplementation n.d. entries, and positive for Urolithin A Supplementation to Improve 2025 [Influence of the Urolithin A on the Population 2026; Effects of Urolithin A Supplementation n.d.; Urolithin A Supplementation to Improve 2025]. the evidence synthesis (Per-Study Endpoint Evidence) carries the per-study endpoint detail, so this subsection references rather than restates the per-source structure. Sample sizes are not extractable from any of the four sources, and no follow-up duration beyond the 6-month window specified in Influence of the Urolithin A on the Population 2026 is reported in the corpus.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_24", "text": "Within the cardiometabolic outcome class, the corpus surfaces three cross-study disagreements, each pairing the positive-direction protocol of Urolithin A Supplementation to Improve 2025 against a null-direction counterpart. First, Urolithin A Supplementation to Improve 2025 (positive on cardiometabolic) is in partial conflict with Effects of Urolithin A Supplementation n.d. (null on cardiometabolic), where the disagreement appears to track differences in primary endpoint — endothelial/cerebrovascular function versus glucose metabolism — and in the BMI cutoff (≥30 versus ≥27) [Urolithin A Supplementation to Improve 2025; Effects of Urolithin A Supplementation n.d.]. Second, Urolithin A Supplementation to Improve 2025 (positive) is in partial conflict with Influence of the Urolithin A on the Population 2026 (null), reflecting a divergence between a single-target endothelial readout and a composite muscle-mass-plus-mitochondrial endpoint co-administered with caloric restriction [Urolithin A Supplementation to Improve 2025; Influence of the Urolithin A on the Population 2026]. Across the corpus, the cardiometabolic class is best characterized as protocol- and review-heavy, with one positive protocol offset by three null or review-level entries and with the two extractable p-values confined to a single review source.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_25", "text": "Across the curated corpus, the largest single outcome class is contextual other, comprising twenty-one entries spanning human supplementation trials, mechanistic in vitro and in vivo work, and review-level syntheses. The most direct human evidence is provided by DAmico 2023, an RCT (human, mechanistic/biomarker endpoint) in which topical urolithin A was evaluated on split-face/arm sites in post-menopausal women with evidence of skin aging such as > Grade 3 wrinkle formation, and by Whitfield 2025, a double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled clinical trial (NCT04783207) in highly trained competitive male distance runners (Whitfield 2025). Singh 2021 directly addresses bioavailability by quantifying how direct UA supplementation overcomes the variability of dietary exposure in healthy adults.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_26", "text": "Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; within-corpus tensions in this outcome class take two principal forms. First, an indirectness gap separates the direct RCT (DAmico 2023) from the broader indirect and review-level corpus (Pomegranate Ellagitannin Metabolite 2012, Evaluation of Urolithin a and Fisetin 2026, Urolithin a Supplementation in Middle-aged 2025, Kim 2023, Pidgeon 2025, Liu 2025, Zhang 2025, Houssein-Zadeh 2025, Kalinin 2025, Whitfield 2025, Joseph 2025, Ma 2026, Zhu 2026, Vicinanza 2013, Abdelazeem 2021, He 2021, Esselun 2021, Singh 2021, Nishimoto 2023, Jamialahmadi 2024), which means functional skin-aging endpoints should not be over-extrapolated to vascular, cardiac, or performance endpoints. Second, a directional disagreement pairs Zhu 2026, which reports a negative effect on contextual other (UA 200 mg/kg protecting against CdCl2-induced NLRP3 pyroptosis and cognitive deficits via AhR signaling, with P < 0.01 and P < 0.05), against null-effect sources including Pomegranate Ellagitannin Metabolite 2012, Evaluation of Urolithin a and Fisetin 2026, Urolithin a Supplementation in Middle-aged 2025, Kim 2023, Pidgeon 2025, Zhang 2025, Houssein-Zadeh 2025, Kalinin 2025, Joseph 2025, Ma 2026 (P > 0.05), Vicinanza 2013, Abdelazeem 2021, and Jamialahmadi 2024. The trial was positioned as a pilot randomised controlled trial, reflecting an intentionally small sample size that limits between-group inference but provides paired within-subject contrasts across the preseason microcycle.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_27", "text": "Exact effect sizes and within-subject change scores for each biomarker are not enumerable beyond what the source records, so the prose references the evidence synthesis for the per-endpoint p-value tuples rather than restating each one.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_28", "text": "In a systematic review of urolithin A supplementation in humans (Watts 2025), the available evidence base on muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance was examined across placebo-controlled trials testing 500 mg/d or 1000 mg/d of urolithin A. The synthesis did not restrict enrollment to a frail population, and the source notes no enrolled clinical cohort, which limits the directness of the frailty inference. The endpoint focus spans six-minute walk distance pooled across contributing trials. The review aggregates studies at the dossier level rather than reporting a single trial-level effect size, so the frailty claim is structurally a summary of pooled human evidence rather than an individual RCT result.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_29", "text": "The source does not provide an effect size point estimate, confidence interval, or per-study p-value, so the only reportable quantitative signal is the null-level P = 0.12 from the pooled analysis. No additional study-level numerics, dose-response gradients, or stratification by baseline frailty status are traceable within the source. Per-Study Endpoint Evidence for this outcome class is summarized in the evidence synthesis, which carries the individual study × p-value tuples for cross-reference.", "type": "claim"}, {"id": "claim_30", "text": "Mechanistically, the Watts 2025 review sits within a broader corpus of preclinical and mechanistic human studies implicating urolithin A in mitochondrial quality control and sarcopenic signaling, but the review itself does not generate a new mechanistic claim. The outcome is anchored at the clinical RCT and pooled-trial layer, with the supporting biology treated as background rather than as primary endpoint. Because the source is classified as a review with null effect direction, the functional signal is best characterized as a summary null in the curated human evidence rather than a positive mechanistic-physiology bridge. Cross-class mechanistic substrates are catalogued in the evidence synthesis (Curated Corpus Map).", "type": "claim"}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100633", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_1", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Urolithin A improves muscle strength, exercise performance, and biomarkers of mitochondrial health in a randomized trial in middle-aged adults", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100633", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-025-02292-5", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_2", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Evaluating the Impact of Urolithin A Supplementation on Running Performance, Recovery, and Mitochondrial Biomarkers in Highly Trained Male Distance Runners", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02292-5", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1077534", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_3", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of urolithin A on the improvement of vascular endothelial function depends on the gut microbiota", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1077534", "year": 2023}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s43587-025-00996-x", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_4", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of the mitophagy inducer urolithin A on age-related immune decline: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-025-00996-x", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1007/s12011-025-04858-w", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_5", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Ameliorative Effects of Urolithin A Against Cadmium-Induced NLRP3-Mediated Pyroptosis and Cognitive Deficits Via Regulating Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04858-w", "year": 2026}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1016/j.isci.2025.111814", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_6", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Urolithin A provides cardioprotection and mitochondrial quality enhancement preclinically and improves human cardiovascular health biomarkers", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.111814", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1038/s41430-021-00950-1", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_7", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Direct supplementation with Urolithin A overcomes limitations of dietary exposure and gut microbiome variability in healthy adults to achieve consistent levels across the population", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-021-00950-1", "year": 2021}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1080/15502783.2024.2419388", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_8", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Assessment of Urolithin A effects on muscle endurance, strength, inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein metabolism in male athletes with resistance training: an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2024.2419388", "year": 2024}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2025.1674446", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_9", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Urolithin A supplementation on performance and antioxidant status in academy soccer players during preseason: a pilot randomised controlled trial", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1674446", "year": 2025}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.44279", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_10", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effect of Urolithin A Supplementation on Muscle Endurance and Mitochondrial Health in Older Adults", "type": "source", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.44279", "year": 2022}, {"comparator": "not extracted", "directness": "primary", "doi": "10.3390/ijms22158333", "effect": "not extracted", "endpoint": "not extracted", "id": "source_11", "intervention_or_exposure": "not extracted", "population": "not extracted", "risk_of_bias": "not appraised in public sidecar", "study": "Effects of Urolithin A on Mitochondrial Parameters in a Cellular Model of Early Alzheimer Disease", "type": "source", "url": 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